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2 SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................................... 41 2.1 GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY.................................................................................................... 42 2.2 THE TECHNICAL CHARACTER OF SYSTEMS ................................................................................ 44 2.2.1 Tools for systems design........................................................................................... 45 2.2.2 Descriptive and analytical tools ................................................................................. 47 2.3 THE NETWORK CHARACTER OF SYSTEMS.................................................................................. 50 2.3.1 Large technical systems – LTS.................................................................................. 51 2.3.2 The Network Approach according to the Uppsala school of thought.......................... 53 2.4 CHANNELS AND CHAINS IN A SYSTEMS CONTEXT ....................................................................... 56 2.4.1 Marketing and distribution channels .......................................................................... 57 2.4.2 Supply chain management ........................................................................................ 58 2.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION..................................................................................... 60 3 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ................................................................................................. 63 3.1 THE SCIENTIFIC FIELD OF TRANSPORTATION ............................................................................. 63 3.2 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FROM A TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE.................................................. 65 3.3 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FROM A NETWORK PERSPECTIVE ................................................... 67 3.3.1 Networks of links and nodes...................................................................................... 67 3.3.2 Transportation systems as actor networks ................................................................ 70 3.4 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FROM A CHANNEL OR CHAIN PERSPECTIVE ..................................... 72 3.4.1 Flows of goods, system resources, information and capital...................................... 73 3.4.2 The pipeline concept ................................................................................................. 74 3.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION..................................................................................... 76 4 INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ........................................................................ 78 4.1 THE TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE ................................................................................................. 79 4.1.1 Dividing between administrative and physical system ............................................... 79 4.1.2 CHURCHMAN’s systems approach applied to intermodal transport.......................... 81 4.1.3 Functions in the production system ........................................................................... 85 4.2 INTERMODAL TRANSPORT NETWORKS ...................................................................................... 86 4.2.1 A model of network operation principles .................................................................... 87 4.2.2 The model of elements, processes and actors applied to intermodal transport.......... 90 4.2.3 The network approach applied to intermodal transport .............................................. 91 4.3 INTERMODAL TRANSPORT CHAINS ............................................................................................ 93 4.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION..................................................................................... 95 vi
5 RESOURCES IN INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS............................................ 97 5.1 BARRIERS FOR IMPLEMENTING NEW RESOURCES ...................................................................... 97 5.1.1 Regulative barriers .................................................................................................. 100 5.1.2 Technological barriers ............................................................................................. 104 5.1.3 System oriented barriers.......................................................................................... 107 5.1.4 Commercial barriers ................................................................................................ 112 5.2 APPROACHES FOR OVERCOMING THE EFFECTS OF BARRIERS .................................................. 113 5.2.1 To conform firmly to regulations, standards and prevailing technologies ................ 113 5.2.2 To change the barriers or to obtain exemptions....................................................... 114 5.2.3 To create closed systems........................................................................................ 115 5.2.4 To control the transport chain under one management............................................ 116 5.2.5 To change technology in course of time during the system’s investment cycle....... 116 5.2.6 To optimise sets of resources together.................................................................... 117 5.2.7 To design one resource to make another superfluous ............................................. 118 5.2.8 To implement an interface between system resources ............................................ 118 5.3 CHAPTER SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION................................................................................... 120 6 TRANSSHIPMENT TECHNOLOGY IN INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS....... 123 6.1 THERE ARE TRANSSHIPMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR ALTERNATIVE NETWORK DESIGNS! ............... 124 6.1.1 Terminals for direct connections.............................................................................. 125 6.1.2 Terminals for corridors............................................................................................. 127 6.1.3 Terminals for hub-and-spoke designs...................................................................... 127 6.1.4 Terminals for fixed routes ........................................................................................ 128 6.1.5 Terminals for flexible routes..................................................................................... 129 6.2 THERE ARE TECHNOLOGIES CONFORMING TO NATIONAL REQUIREMENTS!................................. 129 6.2.1 The analysis reference model.................................................................................. 130 6.2.2 Norway .................................................................................................................... 131 6.2.3 Finland..................................................................................................................... 132 6.2.4 Sweden ................................................................................................................... 133 6.2.5 Denmark.................................................................................................................. 135 6.2.6 Germany.................................................................................................................. 136 6.2.7 Benelux ................................................................................................................... 138 6.2.8 The UK .................................................................................................................... 139 6.2.9 France ..................................................................................................................... 141 6.2.10 Switzerland and Austria........................................................................................... 142 6.2.11 Italy.......................................................................................................................... 143 6.2.12 The European level ................................................................................................. 144 6.3 CHAPTER SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION................................................................................... 148 vii
Page 3 and 4: Doctoral thesis for the degree of D
Page 5 and 6: DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL-SCALE INTERMOD
Page 7: DISSERTATION This dissertation - De
Page 11 and 12: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are a lot of
Page 13: CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
Page 17: 9.2.1 Transport policy and market c
Page 20 and 21: FIGURE 5-2 THE INTERMDODAL RAILWAY
Page 22 and 23: xiv
Page 25 and 26: 1 INTRODUCTION This main document (
Page 27 and 28: Container Swap body Semi-trailer Fi
Page 29 and 30: shipment terminals. The aim is to a
Page 31 and 32: in a general systems theory context
Page 33 and 34: Europe. …and from the supply part
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1-6 German piggyback-transpo
Page 37 and 38: prioritised their single-mode opera
Page 39 and 40: thesis, p. 16). With overnight rail
Page 41 and 42: transport since forwarders and haul
Page 43 and 44: The competitiveness of intermodal t
Page 45 and 46: the dissertation indicate that a sy
Page 47 and 48: The ultimate empirical purpose is t
Page 49 and 50: is judged according to the ideals o
Page 51 and 52: economist, his and RUTTEN’s resea
Page 53 and 54: The wide variety of purposes and or
Page 55 and 56: 1 The goods shall be transported in
Page 57 and 58: the consignor to the consignee, e.g
Page 59 and 60: lunt at low system levels. The chap
Page 61 and 62: 1.6.3 Writing style The text is wri
Page 63: 1.6.5 Reading suggestions A fellow
Page 66 and 67:
other phenomena. In order to achiev
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“... in spite of obvious limitati
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“The application of scientific an
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goal-attainment as the leading star
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Environment Resources Components Ma
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hence similar to the approach appli
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industrial markets contrary to most
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In the licentiate thesis, with its
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The roles of the actors in a distri
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addition to the recognition of comp
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3 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Systems (2
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TURTON, 1995) or a rather practical
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Traffic, finally, is the movement o
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MANHEIM then defines a transportati
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whether their main orientation is t
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oped into national monopoly network
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confusion has been added by blunt m
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If one of the perspectives would ha
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4.1 THE TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE Viewi
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Figure 4-1 JENSEN’s intermodal tr
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ut through negotiations and by foll
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Infrastructure Consignor Haulier La
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4.2.1 A model of network operation
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When fixed routes are used, the ope
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4.2.3 The network approach applied
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ased upon tables was also used in a
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Along with the old concessions and
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5 RESOURCES IN INTERMODAL TRANSPORT
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The level of analysis applied here
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maximum weights and dimensions allo
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Slow legislative adaptation Despite
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terms of dimensions and positions o
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to invest in equipment and infrastr
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(SONDERMANN, 1997, p. 4). The core
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according to single-mode optimisati
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when the Stork Alpha engineering gr
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industries in the Ruhr area through
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called and conventional cranes made
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A good example of how to use an int
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time. However, an example of a vigo
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6 TRANSSHIPMENT TECHNOLOGY IN INTER
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Geographical and infrastructural fa
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tem resources. Some bimodal technol
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6.1.5 Terminals for flexible routes
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the general lists of functional req
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Europe. The gateway role has led to
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comprise 30-40 terminals covering m
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The high population density and con
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hauliers are famous for being cheap
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6.2.9 France The French rail networ
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In summary, the conditions for Swit
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Transportation has a long tradition
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Moreover, the European Commission s
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ecome a serious complement to the l
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each network module and each termin
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tent - found in a conservative busi
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vehicles. Finally, in order to enha
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• meeting the new demand for high
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Table 7-1 Violation of demands thus
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7.2.4 Weight the criteria against e
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Note that it is the ki*fulfilment p
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From the sorted table, it is clear
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8 A PARTICULAR SMALL-SCALE CONCEPT
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ated by the SJ subsidiary Rail Comb
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termodal transport over short and m
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8.3.1 Customer pilot: “Dalkullan
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Customer pilot “Dalkullan” Acto
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Figure 8-5 An impression of how a C
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Figure 8-8 Short-coupled, lightweig
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Heavy-combi terminal Light-combi te
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Connecting Scandinavian and Contine
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The first implementation phases reg
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through the successive extension of
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can compete for short-distance tran
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Trains call at terminals approximat
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Iberian Peninsula (ibid., p. 1). Fu
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could be regarded as surrender to s
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layer have a long history and after
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gional levels that effort must be s
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domestic intermodal experiences in
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over short distances. If the projec
Page 229 and 230:
BJÖRKMAN, J. (1992) Fordonslängde
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CASTI, J. L. (1994) Complexificatio
Page 233 and 234:
European Commission (1995/b) The Tr
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HELMROTH, M. (1993) Brytpunktsdistr
Page 237 and 238:
MANHEIM, M. L. (1979) Fundamentals
Page 239 and 240:
SCHREYER, R. (1996) Beiträge zu ei
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The Official Journal (1991) Council
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WOXENIUS, J., LUMSDEN, K. R. (1996/
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US Department of Transportation (8
Page 247 and 248:
AUTHOR INDEX In the main text, refe
Page 249 and 250:
APPENDIX A: INTERMODAL TRANSSHIPMEN
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APPENDIX B: THE WEIGHT CRITERION ME
Page 253:
Table AB-2 Evaluation matrix, examp
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