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Contents 4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5 Growth Dynamics 90 5.1 Nature of Software Metric Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.1.1 Summarising with Descriptive Statistics . . . . . . . 93 5.1.2 Distribution Fitting to Understand Metric Data . . . 95 5.2 Summarizing Software Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.2.1 Gini Coefficient - An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.2.2 Computing the Gini Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.2.3 Properties of Gini Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.2.4 Application of the Gini Coefficient - An Example . . 102 5.3 Analysis Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.3.1 Metrics Analyzed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.3.2 Metric Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.3.3 Checking Shape of Metric Data Distribution . . . . . 105 5.3.4 Computing Gini Coefficient for Java Programs . . . . 106 5.3.5 Identifying the Range of Gini Coefficients . . . . . . . 106 5.3.6 Analysing the Trend of Gini Coefficients . . . . . . . 107 5.4 Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.4.1 Correlation between measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.4.2 Metric Data Distributions are not Normal . . . . . . 111 5.4.3 Evolution of Metric Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.4.4 Bounded Nature of Gini Coefficients . . . . . . . . . 113 ix
Contents 5.4.5 Identifying Change using Gini Coefficient . . . . . . 115 5.4.6 Extreme Gini Coefficient Values . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.4.7 Trends in Gini Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 5.4.8 Summary of Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5.5.1 Correlation between Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 5.5.2 Dynamics of Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 5.5.3 Preferential Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.5.4 Stability in Software Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.5.5 Significant Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 5.5.6 God Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 5.5.7 Value of Gini Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 5.5.8 Machine-generated Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 6 Change Dynamics 138 6.1 Detecting and Measuring Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 6.1.1 Approaches for Detecting Change . . . . . . . . . . . 140 6.1.2 Our Approach for Detecting Change in a Class . . . 142 6.1.3 Identifying Modified, New and Deleted Classes . . . . 143 6.1.4 Measuring Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 6.1.5 Measuring Popularity and Complexity of a Class . . 145 6.2 Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 x
Page 1 and 2: Growth and Change Dynamics in Open
Page 3 and 4: Dedicated to all my teachers ii
Page 5 and 6: Declaration I declare that this the
Page 7 and 8: 7. R. Vasa, M. Lumpe, P. Branch, an
Page 9: Contents 3.4 Selection Criteria . .
Page 13 and 14: Contents 7.2.2 Software Metric Tool
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures 4.7 Class diagram s
Page 17 and 18: List of Figures 6.9 Probability of
Page 19 and 20: List of Tables 5.2 Spearman’s Ran
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1. Introduction in the laws
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1. Introduction models that
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Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Software Evolution How do
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Chapter 3. Data Selection Methodolo
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Chapter 4 Measuring Evolving Softwa
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Chapter 4. Measuring Evolving Softw
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Chapter 5 Growth Dynamics Current m
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Chapter 5. Growth Dynamics bution p
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Chapter 5. Growth Dynamics Though,
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Chapter 5. Growth Dynamics Figure 5
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Chapter 5. Growth Dynamics 5.2.4 Ap
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Chapter 5. Growth Dynamics measure
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Chapter 5. Growth Dynamics 5.3.1) [
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Chapter 5. Growth Dynamics • The
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Chapter 5. Growth Dynamics 50.0% 45
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Chapter 5. Growth Dynamics Metric M
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Chapter 5. Growth Dynamics ber of M
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Chapter 5. Growth Dynamics Spearman
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Chapter 5. Growth Dynamics System M
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Chapter 5. Growth Dynamics populati
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Chapter 5. Growth Dynamics Another
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Chapter 6 Change Dynamics It is a w
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Chapter 6. Change Dynamics 6.1 Dete
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Chapter 6. Change Dynamics The set
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Chapter 6. Change Dynamics analysis
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Chapter 6. Change Dynamics Figure 6
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Chapter 6. Change Dynamics growth i
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Chapter 7. Implications ically, we
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Chapter 7. Implications overall str
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Chapter 7. Implications contain new
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Chapter 7. Implications ciently bro
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Chapter 7. Implications tional supp
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Chapter 7. Implications where a sof
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Chapter 8. Conclusions • We prese
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Chapter 8. Conclusions [302], and g
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Appendix A Meta Data Collected for
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Appendix C Mapping between Metrics
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Chapter D. Metric Extraction Illust
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Appendix F Change Dynamics Data Fil
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References [1] S. Alam and P. Duger
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References Software. In Proceedings
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References [43] N. Chapin, J. Hale,
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References [68] M. Di Penta, L. Cer
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References [91] C. Gini. Measuremen
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References [115] I. Held. The Scien
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References [140] H. Kagdi, S. Yusuf
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References [164] M. Lanza, H. Gall,
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References [190] T. J. McCabe. A Co
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References [214] H. Olague, L. Etzk
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References [242] C. Roy, J. Cordy,
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References [266] G. Succi, W. Pedry
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References ECOOP Workshop on Quanti
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References [315] T. Zimmermann, V.
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