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INTRODUCTION 1. AU references to discussions at the conference from: The African World, Vol. N, No. 5, July, 1974: "Historic ALSC ~onference Discussed: WHICH ROAD FOR BLACK PEOPLE?" 2. Black Revolution. Vol. 1. No. 1. Winter 1980: "Editorial: The Party Line." I. THE HEART OF m S S 1. WILLIAM BRADFORD - Of Plymouth Plantation - N.Y.. 1952. p. 23 2. MJLDRED GUWBELL - "Social Origins of Some Early Ameriqans". In SMITH. ed.. 17th Century America. N.Y.. 1972. p. 68. Other accounts are similar. For example, see: C.E. BANKS. The Winthrop Fleet of 1630 - Cambridge. 1930: Morisan's account of Sir Walter Raleigh's second Virginia Colony of 1587 describes the coloniete as: "All were middleclass Eoghh or Irish, (MORISON, p. 657) 3. CAMPBELL - op. cit.. p. 82 4. Treasury Papers 47: 9-11 - Quoted in RICHARD B. MORRIS. Government and Labor In Early America. N.Y., 1946. p. 48. 5. CHRISTOPHER HILL - Reformation to lndustrid Revolution - N.Y.. 1967. p. 48: p. 64. 6. RICHARD HOFSTADTER - America at 1750 - N.Y.. 1973. p.11-12. This is but one source out of many, all essentially in agreement. 7. MORRIS - op. cit., p. 48 6. CAMPBELL - op. cit.. p. 83 9. THEODORE ROOSEVELT - The Winning of the West - Vol. I - N.Y.. 1900. p. 90 10. WILCOMB E. WASHBURN - "The Moral and Legal Justification for Dispossessing the Indians." In SMlTH, ed. p. 23 11. Testimony of Wilbur R. Jacobs at Sioux Treaty Hearing. In R. DUNBAR ORTIZ - The Great Sioux Nation. <strong>San</strong> <strong>Francisco</strong>. 1971. p. 80, HENRY F. DOBYNS "Estimating Aboriginal American Population. An Appraisal of Techniques With a New Hemispheric Estimate." Current Anthropology, Vol. EX. No. 4. p. 395. 12. PHILIP GIBSON - Quoted in HOFSTADTER - op. cit. p. 69: also see COOK & SIMPSON (1948). 13. HAROLJI E. D- - Indians of North America - Chicago. 1968 - p. 804. 14. N.Y. Times - May 10. 1898. 15. KARL MARX - The Poverty of Philosophy - N.Y.. 1963. p. 111 16. See: HOFSTADTERap. cit. p. 99: O m Y & WEATHERBY. e&.- The Negro In New York - N.Y., 1967: EDITH EVANS ASBURY. "Freed Black Farmers Tied Manhattan's Soil in the 1600s". N.Y. Times - Dec. 7, 1977. 17. See: VERNER W. CRANE - The Southern Frontier. 167G1732 - Aan Arbor. 1956: ORTIZ - op. cit. p. 86. 18. GARY B. NASH - Red. White. And Black. Englewood Cliffs. 1974. p. 112-113. 19. ibid. 20. ibid. 21. SAMUEL ELIOT MORISON - The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages. N.Y., 1971. p. 678 22. CLINTON ROSSlTER - The First American Revolution - N.Y., 1956. p. 41. 1 24. ROBERT E. & B. KATHERINE BROWN - Virginia 1705-1780: Democracy or Aristocracy? East Lansing, 1964. p. 22. 25. PHILIP S. FONER - Labor and the American Revolution - Westport 1976. p. 89. 28. JACKSON TURNER MAIN - The Social Structure of Revolutionary America - Princeton. 1965. p. 66-67. While we use Maids finding~. it is evident that although Euro-hriktau his to ria^ have widely differing conclusions about cla~ stratification in thia period. their factual baeea are very similar. For example, James A. Henretta. in hie well-known essay, "Economic Development and Social Structure in Colonial Boston", concludes that the Colonial era was one of rapidly growing settler class inequality, with the "appearance of ...'p roletariane'." This ia an oftenquoted conclusion. Yet, a careful examination of his research shows that: 1. In rural Massachusetts of the 1770's land ownership was near-universal among the settlers (over 90%); 2. Even in Boston, a major urban center, the clear majority of settler men were self-employed property-owners (60.70%): 3. Henretta himself points out that many settler men who wen, without taxable property were not poor, but had comfortable incomes and were respected enough to be elected to public office. So, although Henretta chose to stress the appearance of inequality among settlers, his own research confirms the general picture of shared privilege and an exceptional way of life for the E m Amerikan conquerers. 27. HOFSTADTER - op. cit. p. 161. 28. AUDREY C. LAND - Bases of the Plantation Society - N.Y.. 1969, p. 105 29. MORRIS - op. cit. p. 40 30. KARL MARX - 18th Bnunaire ... In Selected Works [SW) - N.Y., 1980. p. 104. 31. KARL MARX - Wages. Price and Profit - In SW. p. 192. 32. FONER - op.cit.. p. 12. 33. MORRIS - op. cit.. p. 46: BROWN 8 BROWN - op. cit.. p. 22. 34. MORRIS - op. cit.. p. 45. 35. KARL MARX - SW. p. 226 36. FRED SHANNON - America Farmers Movements - Princeton. 1957. p. 9: MORRIS. op. cit.. p. 36. 37. HILL - op. cit.. p. 74. 38. MORRIS - op. cit., p. 3637. 39. THOMAS J. WERTENBAKER - The Shaping of Colonial Virginia - N.Y.. 1958. p. 134. 40. MORRIS - op. cit.. P. 29. 11. STRUGGLES & ALLIANCES 1. HERBERT APTHEKER - The Colonial Era. N.Y., 1959. p. 62. 2. THEODORE W. ALLEN - Class Struggle a ~ d the Origins of Slavery. Somede, 1976. p. 34. 3. A photograph of this plaque can be seen in: CHARLES W.H. WARNER. Road to Revolution. Richmond, 1961. 4. Except as otherwise noted. events in Bacon's Rebellion are taken from WILCOMB E. WASHBURN. The Governor and the Rebel. 66 Chapel Hu, 1957.
5. BERNARD BAILYN - "Politics and Social Structure in Virginia." In SMITH, op. cit., p. 103-104; also WASHBURN. p. 17-19. 6. SHANNON - op. cit., p. 109-110. Bacon's own account, written on June 8, 1676, is there as well. 7. WARNER. op. cit.. p. 21-22. 8. PHILIP S. FONER. History of the Labor Movement of the United States - Vol. I. N.Y., 1978. p. 29 9. LOUIS ADAMIC -A Nation of Nations. N.Y., 1945. p. 288. 10. For a brief account, see: SAMUEL ELIOT MORISON. Oxford History of the American People - N.Y., 1965. p. 119-1 22. 10. OTTLEY - p. 83. 11. ROBERT S. STAROBIN - Industrial Slavery in the Old'South. N.Y., 1975. p. 88; HERBERT APTHEKER - To Be Free. N.Y., 1969. p.73. 12. WADE - Slavery ..., p. 235. 13. ibid., p. 16-19. 14. ibid., p. 264. 15. STAROBIN - op. cit., p. 157-160. 16. EUGENE D. GENOVESE - The Political Economy of Slavery. N.Y., 1965. p. 163. 11. JACK HARDY. The First American Revolution - N.Y., 1937. p. 17. HENRY NASH SMITH. Virgin Land. N.Y., 1950. p. 243. 37-38. 18. GENOVESE - op, cit., p. 231. 12. ibid. p. 72. IV. SETTLER TRADE-UNIONISM 13. RICHARD C. WADE - The Urban Frontier - Chicago, 1971. p. 2. I 14. FONER - Labor and ... p. 182-183. 15. WINTHROP D. JORDAN - White Over Black - N.Y., 1969. p. 115. 16. THOMAS PAINE - Selected Writings, N.Y., 1945. p. 29. John C. Miller states in his Origins of the American Revolution that "the patriots proclaimed themselves the champions of white supremacy against the British Government ..." (p. 478-479). / 17. ROI OmLEY - Black Odyssey - London. 1949. p. 63. 18. BENJAMIN QUARLES - The Negro In The American Revolution, Chapel Hill, 1961. p.x. / 19. ibid, D. 118119. 1 I 20. ibid, p. 131. 1. RICHARD B. MORRIS, ed. Encyclopedia of American History. p. 444-448. 2. ROGER W. SHUGG - Origins of Class Struggle In Louisiana. Baton Rouge, 1972. p. 79. 3. STUART BLUMIN. "Mobility and Change in Ante-Bellurn Philadelphia." In THERNSTROM & SENNET. Nineteenth-Century Cities. New Haven, 1971. p. 198-200. 4. ibid. 5. LEON F. LITWACK. North of Slavery. Chicago, 1961. p. 82. 6. EDWARD PESSEN. Jacksonian America. Homewood, 1969. p. 63. 7. LITWACK - op. cit., p. 90-91; p. 271. 8. FONER. History of ..., p. 142-149. 21. LERoNE BEMm. m. Before the Mayflower. Baltimore. 1968, 9. MARY E, YOUNG. "In&an Removal and Land Allotment: The p. 62; OTILEY, op. cit., p. 65: etc. Civilized Tribes and Tacksonian Tustice." Americon Historical Review. Oct., 1958. p.'31-45. 22. QUARLES, op. cit., p. 28; OTTLEY, op. cit., p. 63. 23. OTI'LEY, op. cit., p. 65. 10. PETER FARB - Man's Rise to Civilization. N.Y., 1968. p. 250-254. 24. BENNETT, JR. - op. cit., P. 58. 11. ibid. 25. QUARLES - op. cit., p. 30. 12. TAKAKI. op. cit., p. 96. 13. RICHARD MAXWELL BROWN. Strain of Violence. N.Y., 1975. p. 26. BENNETT, JR. - op. cit., p. 59: OTTLEY - op. cit., p. 73-74. 200-207. 27. BENNET, JR., op. cit., p. 59; OTTLEY, op. cit., p. 73-74. 14. TAKAKI. op. cit., p. 102. 28. FONER. Labor and ..., p. 184. 15. FONER. History ..., p. 145. 20. QUARLES - op. cit., p. 171-172. 111. THE CONTRADICTIONS OF NATION AND CLASS 1. HOFSTADTER - op. cit., p. 4. 2. O'llUY - op. cit.. p. 57. 16. PESSEN. op. cit., p. 261; FONER. History ..., p. 144-150; LEE BEN- SON. The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy. N.Y., 1966. p. 171-175. 17. FONER. History ..., p. 150. 18. PESSEN. op. cit., p. 215. 3. See: RONALD T. TAKAKI. Iron Cages. N.Y., 1979. p. 42-45: WIN- THROP D. JORDAN. op. cit., p. 429-440. 19. FONER. History ..., p.183-188. 4. TAKAKI - op. cit., p. 44. 20. GEORGE M. FREDRICKSON. The Black Image In The White Mind. N.Y., 1971. p. 133. 5. STEPHEN B. OATES - The Fires of Jubilee - N.Y., 1975. p. 135-136. 21. See: LEONARD L. RICHARDS. Gentlemen of Property and Standing. Oxford, 1970, p. 14: p. 114; p. 140; p. 153; p. 156-157. 6. RICHARD C. WADE - Slavery In The Cities - N.Y., 1964. p. 1-27. 22. FREDRICKSON. op. cit. 7. J.G. TREGLE, JR. "Early New Orleans Society: A Reappraisal." Journal of Southern History. Feb., 1952. p. 34. 23. ibid. 8. WADE - Slavery ..., p.245. 24. FREDERICKSON. op. cit., p. 146. 9. ibid., p. 219. 167 25. LEON F. LITWACK. North of Slavery. Chicago, 1961. p. 162-166.
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The minority puts a dogmatic view i
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U.S. imperialism would rather that
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The final point we must make is tha
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carpenter would earn in a day. When
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while the evil planter and the Lond
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society of settlers. The large majo
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11. STRUGGLES & ALLIANCES The popul
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, . , in short what wee did in that
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more nearly fascistic. Bacon was th
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"democracy" through wresting their
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111. THE CONTRADICTIONS OF NATION &
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The Charleston conspiracy of 1822,
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IV. SETTLER TRADE- UNIONISM 1. The
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Cherokee Nation on "Trail of Tears
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taxation and other measures to give
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gospel truth by most settlers that
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their places as barbers and servant
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is a historic engineering achieveme
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Chinaman always have something to e
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While marching through a region, th
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off the former plantations at bayon
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hostility, can be expected of two-t
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the early 1830's, continued and gat
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dustries, trades, and nationalities
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Irish, (2) German, and (3) many sma
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On the other hand, there is the ten
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ed bribery: "The truth is this: dur
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narionally-disrincf strata (literal
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2. Settler Opposition To Imperialis
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His political thought was that wher
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fine and resumed his post as U.S. c
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workers from Southern and Eastern E
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and "Break up the narionalisric, ra
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While the I.W.W. was backward in ma
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As the Great Powers were drawn into
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The I.W.W. publicly criticised thos
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Magon once angrily wrote his brothe
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The authorities did not move to "re
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VII. BREAKTHROUGH OF THE C.I.O. It
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danger, because alcohol was needed
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Millions of settlers believed that
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President Roosvelt privately said i
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importantly, to break up the rising
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colored men whom they could guarant
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practiced segregation on a broad sc
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VIII. IMPERIALIST WAR & THE NEW AME
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This remarkable editorial was accur
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Japan would be forced into a "fairl
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tler reunification. The stormy conf
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Afrikans and Asians on the West Coa
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strategy to its limits, the U.S. Em
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I t I In 1921 the African Blood Bro
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secretly organizing in Tallapoosa C
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Negro is the goat of the STFU. " Al
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The support movement took many form
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These agricultural workers paid $8.
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the whole Afrikan population within
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with a Negro World was five years a
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Page 120 and 121: ming themselves and preparing to ta
Page 122 and 123: workers would have to wear an arm b
Page 124 and 125: strike down the Afrikan Nation - an
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Page 128 and 129: and resisters. But this popular cur
Page 130 and 131: who had once started it. In the ear
Page 132 and 133: activists, former Communist members
Page 134 and 135: Campos. Afterwards, Foster wrote a
Page 136 and 137: Toure related this to the fact that
Page 138 and 139: XII. THE GLOBAL PLANTATION 1. The P
Page 140 and 141: presidents..five secretaries did th
Page 142 and 143: The maquilas do not constitute any
Page 144 and 145: The shortfall only exists because a
Page 146 and 147: For Every Party, There's a Morning
Page 148 and 149: While there are numbers of Euro-Ame
Page 150 and 151: suming things and owning things, no
Page 152 and 153: estricted crafts rose at a rate 3 t
Page 154 and 155: collection, swimming pools, better
Page 156 and 157: children. For them the flavor is so
Page 158 and 159: XIV. TACTICAL & STRATEGIC The settl
Page 160 and 161: Since Afrikan miners were perhaps 2
Page 162 and 163: man, would ask of you to dispel1 ai
Page 164 and 165: Coal From South Africa Apartheid in
Page 166 and 167: Besides, he continued, to be overly
Page 170 and 171: 26. ROGER W. SHUGG. Origins of Clas
Page 172 and 173: 162-166. 16. FRANCIS PERKINS. The R
Page 174: 6. New York Times. September 18, 19
Page 179 and 180: BALTIMORE, APRIL, 1968 - I'm not go
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