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Go to Table of Contents NEMATODE BIOSECURITY RESEARCH IN NEW ZEALAND’S NATIVE ESTATE: RISKS, PATHWAYS AND ESTABLISHMENT POTENTIAL L. T. Aalders A , N.L. Bell A , T. C. Rohan A . J. M. Nobbs B and M. R. McNeill C A AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand Email: lee.aalders@agresearch.co.nz B SARDI, Adelaide South Australia C AgResearch, Lincoln, New Zealand. ABSTRACT. New Zealand’s native estate contains many endemic plant species which could be damaged if exotic plant feeding nematodes were to be introduced to these habitats. Research was undertaken to identify exotic nematodes which are associated with New Zealand native plants growing overseas, but are not in New Zealand therefore potentially pose a future threat. Plant feeding nematodes from 17 genera or families were found in soil beneath New Zealand native plants from three overseas botanical gardens. Meloidogyne was the only genus found at all three locations. Two pathways for exotic nematodes to enter New Zealand were also examined: soil on arriving airline passenger’s footwear and adhering to sea freight (shipping containers and used machinery) landed in New Zealand, prior to routine cleaning. The plant-feeding genera found from footwear and sea freight were predominantly those known to be able to survive desiccation. Exotic species of desiccationintolerant Meloidogyne, have been found associated with New Zealand native plants growing in New Zealand suggesting another pathway may have been involved in their importation in the past. INTRODUCTION Of New Zealand’s described nematode fauna from native habitats it appears there is a high degree of endemicity and this is illustrated within the subfamily Criconematinae with 40 of 47 species being found only in New Zealand (1). Exotic plant feeding nematodes could disrupt or displace these native nematodes. Additionally, New Zealand’s native estate contains many endemic plant species which could be damaged if exotic plant feeding nematodes were to be introduced to these habitats. The aim of this research was to inform the biosecurity community if there were exotic nematodes, which are associated with New Zealand native plants growing overseas, but are not in New Zealand. Therefore, they potentially pose a future threat. As importantly, we sought to understand which entry pathways may, currently or in the past, allow entry of exotic nematodes to New Zealand. MATERIALS AND METHODS New Zealand native plants were located growing in three overseas botanic gardens: Ventnor Gardens on the Isle of Wight (UK); Tasmania (Australia) and Mt Lofty Gardens, Adelaide (Australia). Soil samples were taken from beneath 18 New Zealand native plant genera across these collections and nematodes were extracted by nematologists local to the gardens. Plant-feeding nematodes were identified morphologically to at least genus. Two possible pathways for exotic nematodes to enter New Zealand were examined: soil on airline passenger’s footwear (2) and adhering to sea freight (shipping containers and used machinery) landed in New Zealand, prior to routine cleaning. Fifty-seven footwear and 163 sea freight samples were taken; nematodes were extracted from soil and either identified morphologically or by DNA sequencing. Finally, we reviewed literature and listed nematodes which are established in New Zealand on native plants. RESULTS REFERENCES Plant feeding nematodes from 17 genera or families were 1. Wouts, W.M. (2006). Criconematina (Nematoda: found in soil beneath New Zealand native plants from the Tylenchida). Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, three overseas botanical gardens. Meloidogyne was the only Lincoln, New Zealand, 55: 232 pages. genus found at all three locations, with Pratylenchus being 2. McNeill, M., Phillips, C., Young, S., Shah, F., Aalders, L., the most commonly occurring genus, being found beneath seven plant genera. Criconematidae nematodes were found at three sites, beneath four plant genera. The plants sampled were often associated with more than one nematode genus. Footwear samples yielded the plant feeding genus Orrina (1 sample), along with specimens from genera which contain plant-feeding species: Aphelenchoides (16 samples) and Ditylenchus (11 samples) (2). Potential plant-feeding nematode genera from sea freight included Helicotylenchus (2 samples), Ditylenchus (5 samples) and Aphelenchoides (34 samples). A literature review revealed exotic species of Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Criconematida, Aphelenchoides and Ditylenchus have all been found associated with New Zealand native plants growing in New Zealand. Plants beneath which exotic nematodes have been found include forest trees, shrubs, flax, tussock grasses and herbs growing in habitats ranging from native forest to amenity plantings. DISCUSSION A range of plant feeding nematodes were found beneath plants overseas which may pose a threat to New Zealand’s native plants given that our literature review suggests species of exotic plant feeders have established here. The plant-feeding genera found from footwear and sea freight were predominantly those known to be able to survive desiccation (3). This is not surprising given the low moisture levels in many of these samples. This finding would tend to suggest these pathways are viable entry methods for genera such as Aphelenchoides and Ditylenchus, however, desiccation-intolerant nematodes such as Meloidogyne may not be able to spread to New Zealand via these pathways, so it is highly likely that another pathway would have been involved in their importation in the past. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank Roy Neilson (Scotland), Frank Hay (Tasmania), Sharyn Taylor (Adelaide) and Barbara Barratt (NZ) for their assistance in sampling and processing nematode samples from overseas sites. We also thank Ministry for Primary Industry staff for their assistance in sampling of sea freight. This work is part of the Better Border Biosecurity programme funded from FRST contract CO2X0501. Bell, N., Gerard, E. and Littlejohn, R. (2011). Biological Invasions 13: 2799–2815. 3. Womersley, C.Z., Wharton, D.A. and Higa, L.M. (1998). In 'The physiology and biochemistry of free living and plant parasitic nematodes', eds. R.N. Perry and D.J. Wright, pp.271-302. (CABI Publishing, Wallingford & New York). 7th Australasian Soilborne Diseases Symposium 9
Go to Table of Contents NEW CODED FUNGICIDES AND APPLICATION METHODS FOR CONTROL OF RHIZOCTONIA BARE PATCH P. Bogacki A , S. Davey A , J. Desbiolles B , R. Correll C and A. McKay A A South Australian Research and Development Institute, Waite Campus, Urrbrae SA 5064. Email: paul. .bogacki@sa.gov.au B University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes SA 5095; C Rho Environmetrics Pty Ltd, PO366, Highgate SA 5064 ABSTRACT. Bare patch disease of wheat and barley caused by the soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 continues to be a major impediment to crop production in no-till systems. At present, there are limited options to control Rhizoctonia through use of fungicides which are generally applied as seed treatments. The aim of this study was to determinee if banding fungicides could provide significant yield responses. A wheat trial was established in Yumali (South Australia) to investigate banding at different locations at seeding and in-crop using a coded fungicide developed by Syngenta. Ten treatments varying in product rate (low/high), banding location at seeding (below seed/soil surface) ), and in-crop application after seeding (six/ten weeks) were analysed using knife point and disc seeding systems. The use of a split plot design resulted in treatment yield responses that were highly significant (P 15%) were achieved with a split application of fungicide on the soil surface and below the seed using a knife point seeding system. This treatment provided greater protection to the seminal and crown roots. This trial is part of a 3 year project to generate field data to support label registration on banding fungicides to improve Rhizoctonia control. INTRODUCTION Rhizoctonia bare patch caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 is a devastating disease of wheat and barley in Australia, causing reductions in grain yield which can cost the industry up to $59 million per annum (1). There are currently only a few fungicides registered as seed treatments that growers can use to manage Rhizoctonia (e.g. Dividend ® and more recently Evergol Prime ® ). However, these are systemic fungicides which generally move up the plant, so treating the seed may not be the best method of application to protect the root system (2). This paper summarises results obtained from a wheat trial conductedd in 2011, in which the effectiveness of banding a coded fungicide with activity against Rhizoctonia was tested at different locations around the seed and in-crop to increase protection of the root system. The treatments were selected based on results from a similar trial in 2010 which achieved significant yield responses >12%. MATERIALS AND METHODS The trial was conductedd at Yumali (Murray Mallee, South Australia) in 2011 on non-wetting sand. It incorporated ten treatments of a coded fungicide developed by Syngenta. The treatments varied in product rate (low/high), method of application (surface/in-crop plus liquid furrow banding) [Figure 1], and sowing system (knife point/disc). Each treatmentt was replicated six times. The field design was a randomised complete block with individual plots split into treated/untreated halves. Hence the statistical power of comparing treatment responses relative to controls was greater than comparing responses between the treatments. associated with a split application of the fungicide on the surface and below the seed at sowing using a knife point seeding system [Figure 2]. Banding fungicide at 6 and 10 weeks in crop to protect the crown rots was not as effective. However, there were no substantial (>20mm) rain events during the season after 4 weeks post sowing meaning there was little opportunity for the fungicide to move down the soil profile. The soil surface was also non-wetting. The split application did not produce the same yield response with the disc seeder [Figure 2] – however, these differences were not significant and could have been due to chance variation. Figure 2. Grain yield responses associated with different fungicide treatments (Yumali 2011, P
Page 2 and 3: The following organisations sponsor
Page 4 and 5: Welcome to the Seventh Australasian
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Page 8 and 9: THURSDAY 20 SEPTEMBER 08:30 Chair -
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