International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research ... - SFI

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Annex 1.1.1: detailed answers to omnibus survey questions Q: How suitable/good are the following forms of childcare for a child under the age of three? (Responses were given on a four-point scale.) • Mother is at home with the child: 3.87 • Father is at home with the child: 2.68 • Grandparents with the child: 2.61 • Bölcsőde: 2.35 • Family day care: 2.1 • Friends look after the child: 1.7 • Babysitter: 1.68 Q: Why do you think someone uses bölcsőde? (More than one response was allowed.) • Income from mother’s work is needed: 96.8 per cent • Mother is afraid of losing job: 88.1 per cent • Mother is afraid of breaking her career: 61.3 per cent • Child needs the company of other children: 41 per cent • Trained staff in bölcsőde: 37.3 per cent • Bölcsőde compensates for deprived household: 32.8 per cent Q: What would the wife do if the husband earned enough for the family to live on? • Part-time work: 46.5 per cent • No work: 42.2 per cent • Full-time work: 11.3 per cent Q: Why do you not use bölcsőde? (More than one response allowed) • Mother can stay aqt home with the child: 84.1 per cent • No bölcsőde nearby: 34.4 per cent • Does not approve of child attending bölcsőde: 26.7 per cent 21
1.1.2 Hungary: mother’s role - employment versus family Marietta Pongrácz, Demographic Research Institute (Népességtudományi Kutató Intézet) Nowadays the dual burden of women – being a mother, wife and housewife on one hand and being economically active on the other hand – is not decreasing, but growing. In ageing European societies, the ratio between active workers and dependants can be improved only by increasing the economic activity of women. Furthermore, the relative decrease in the proportion of younger generations and the long-term sustainability of pension funding can only be safeguarded by having more births and better fertility indicators. In other words, the fulfilment of the reproductive functions of women and families is becoming a key question of national strategy. The tasks are clear at the macro-economic level: women must or should have more children, and at the same time they must or should work more, too. The question is how this problem presents itself at the microlevel, i.e. among women themselves? What do women think about the importance of work and family, and what role does the balance between the two have in their lives? International comparisons To answer these questions I use data from an international comparative study conducted in 12 European countries between 2000 and 2003. This international comparison of expectations concerning paid work and family responsibilities becomes interesting and exciting as we consider the different paths that Europe’s eastern and western regions have travelled to involve women in economic activity. The forced female employment so typical of the East, with women going into jobs en masse and achieving 22
Page 1 and 2: EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS RESEARCH SERIE
Page 3 and 4: About EMAR Employment Market Analys
Page 5 and 6: 2.9 Finland .......................
Page 7 and 8: Career break Leave generally open t
Page 9 and 10: The three-year leave period: too lo
Page 11 and 12: Workplace characteristics associate
Page 13 and 14: Germany, Ireland, Italy, Poland, S.
Page 15 and 16: leave - Czech Republic, Hungary, Ir
Page 17 and 18: Information on take-up among differ
Page 19 and 20: Today, the network has 40 members f
Page 21 and 22: Section 1: Articles 14
Page 23 and 24: • Óvoda (kindergartens for child
Page 25 and 26: are of the view that a wife would r
Page 27: Table 1.1.1a: Poverty-related stati
Page 31 and 32: for the first time in 1974. 3 Then,
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.1.2a: Positive response to
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.1.2c: Positive response to
Page 37 and 38: 1.1.3 Hungary: possibilities of and
Page 39 and 40: eported their previous employer wou
Page 41 and 42: 1.1.4 The Czech Republic: discussan
Page 43 and 44: facilities. After one or two years
Page 45 and 46: In 2003, 85 per cent of women aged
Page 47 and 48: Parental leave was taken by less th
Page 49 and 50: childcare centre most of the week h
Page 51 and 52: 1.2.1 Making Fatherhood Visible at
Page 53 and 54: unencumbered by family responsibili
Page 55 and 56: fathers, agrees: ‘There is no nee
Page 57 and 58: usiness climate. We also investigat
Page 59 and 60: We also looked at the associations
Page 61 and 62: white-collar co-workers were report
Page 63 and 64: share of the workforce and women’
Page 65 and 66: would predict that companies would
Page 67 and 68: Kvande, E. (2008) ‘Embodying male
Page 69 and 70: Table 1.2.1b: Correlates of Corpora
Page 71 and 72: The work-family issue and organisat
Page 73 and 74: seriously ill relatives, as well as
Page 75 and 76: We created a new variable that tota
Page 77 and 78: could take parental leave. However,
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Haas, L., Allard, K. and Hwang, P.
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Table 1.2.2a: Number of women and m
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Table 1.2.2c: Number of organisatio
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Table 1.2.2g: Four classes of organ
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more positive incentives, additiona
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• five have between 2 and 6 weeks
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Without this broad approach, with a
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The promise it held The reason for
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this being that fathers want to enj
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Jónsdóttir, B. (2007) Upplifun fo
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2.1 Introduction to country notes P
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areas. In most countries, leave pol
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For most EU member states included
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and Slovenia) and Germany; in addit
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Paternity leave Like Maternity leav
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latter camp are the Czech Republic,
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agreement negotiated at sectoral or
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In these three Nordic countries, th
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system. In October 2007 the Ministe
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few parents take leave schemes that
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possibility after leave. German dat
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Table 2.1.1: Provision of statutory
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Sweden: 480 days of paid leave per
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Reduced hours in first year: mainly
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are regulated by public authorities
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NB Australia is a federal state 1.
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c. Parental leave Note: As discusse
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d. Statutory childcare leave or car
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for in the AIRC’s decision earlie
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http://www.aifs.gov.au/growingup/,
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Special issue of the journal Law in
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2.3 Austria Christiane Rille-Pfeiff
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c. Parental leave (Elternkarenz) (r
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After five years of experience with
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from July 2002 until the end of 200
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2.4 Belgium Laura Merla and Fred De
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c. Parental leave (Ouderschapsverlo
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In April 2007, the federal governme
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factors and variables that influenc
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This dissertation analyses the inte
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Vandeweyer, J. and Glorieux, I. (20
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1. Current leave and other employme
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Variation in leave due to child or
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e. Other employment-related measure
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Plan. Employers and employees of co
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support for childcare and for elder
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of various types of leave, mainly p
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Flexibility in use • None except
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The current right-wing government,
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Professional self-fulfilment causes
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literally childbirth leave, because
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• From 2007, the industrial secto
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It seems that the take-up of leave
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2.8 Estonia Katre Pall Population (
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• Parental benefit (vanemahüviti
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. Selected publications from Januar
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2.9 Finland Minna Salmi, Johanna La
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. Paternity leave (isyysvapaa/fader
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Flexible working • Parents can wo
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three smaller ones suggested length
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services. The plan aroused criticis
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their child turns three, 40 periods
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The report examines the use of fami
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for their take-up of leave, their c
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2.10 France Jeanne Fagnani and Dani
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Flexibility in use • Parents taki
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etween 1994 and 1997 about 110,000
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Chauffaut, D., Minonzio, J., Nicola
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Flexibility in use • None. Women
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2. Changes in leave policy since 20
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The 2007 parental leave reform had
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Schönberg, U. and Ludsteck, J. (20
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ii) on leave arrangements for publi
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the employer’s agreement this may
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mental handicap or Down Syndrome: u
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to the minimum daily wage agreed in
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Research Centre for Gender Equality
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a. Maternity leave (szulesi szabads
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d. Childcare leave or career breaks
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. Selected publications from Januar
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Glass, C. and Fodor, E. (2007) ’F
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efer to women’s absence from the
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Flexible working • Employers are
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Pétursdóttir, G. M. (2005) ‘‘
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Gíslason, I. V. (2007)’ Maskulin
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Flexibility in use • None except
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equest flexible working - although
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Fine-Davis, M. (2007) Childcare in
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2.16 Italy Dino Giovannini Populati
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maximum of six months; or shorter l
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The book reports a study carried ou
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2.17 The Netherlands Hanne Groenend
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Payment • For participants in the
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This savings scheme offers employee
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women); and d) workers in the publi
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The research carried out by Statist
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4. Research and publications on lea
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shows that labour force exits have
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2.18 Norway Berit Brandth and Elin
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child is 18 years old. Leave is pai
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A central question in this edited v
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2.19 Poland Irena E. Kotowska and P
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• Parents can take leave in one c
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There is no information on the numb
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to EU policy. Labour market develop
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finally, the role of social service
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Kotowska I. E., Słotwińska-Rosła
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environment] (2007-2009). Dorota G
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• Women (or men) can take 120 cal
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e. Other employment-related measure
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children). Policy aims regarding th
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Wall, K. and Amâncio, L. (2007) Fa
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2.21 Slovenia Nada Stropnik Populat
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length of the leave is equal to 70
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Since 2005, eligibility for payment
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Rener, T., Švab, A., Žakelj, T. a
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2.22 South Africa Lisa Dancaster, T
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enefits from UIF. There is, however
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that the Determination specifically
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enefits are discussed in the light
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2.23 Spain Anna Escobedo Population
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. Paternity leave (permiso de pater
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In 2007, a reform of leave arrangem
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• Though fathers have a new oppor
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available) when it was 31 per cent,
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4. Selected publications from Janua
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familiares en España y en la Unió
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funded by FIPROS (Spanish Research
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. Paternity leave (pappadagar) (res
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their child reaches the age of two,
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Försäkringskassan (2005) Vägen u
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authors found a positive effect of
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Haas, L. and Hwang, P. (2007) ‘Ge
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2.25 United Kingdom Margaret O’Br
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Additionally, in 56 per cent of wor
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The Workplace Employment Relations
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2.26 United States Sheila B. Kamerm
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Tanaka, S. (2005) ‘Parental leave
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Annex 1 A formal network of experts
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Annex 2 Network members at April 20
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Senior Research Fellow, CNRS MATISS
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Sweden Anders Chronholm, Senior Lec
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Annex 3 The BERR Employment Relatio
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No. 26 The content of new voluntary
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No. 63 The First Fair Treatment at
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Department for Business, Enterprise
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