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Phosphorus Improves Oaten Hay Yields at Long-term Site Project Leader: Rohan Davies, Incitec Pivot Fertilizers, North Geelong, Victoria. E-mail: rohan.davies@incitecpivot.com.au Project Cooperators: Rohan Davies and Peter Howie Established in 1996, this long-term site at Dahlen, 10 km west of Horsham, has had five rates of N (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 kg as urea) and four rates of P (0, 9, 18, 36 kg as triple superphosphate) applied annually over the past 16 years. The site has been direct drilled and no stubble has been removed or burned. In 2011, the site was sown to oats in mid-May as a hay crop and the standing crop cut on 20 September when the plants were still in the flag leaf growth stage. The site mean yield was around 6 t/ha of dry matter and the effect of added P was clear with the first 9 kg of P giving a 77% increase in dry matter. Increasing P from 9 to 18 kg gave an additional 24% in dry matter. The higher hay yield was of a lower quality, with lower crude protein, higher fibre content and a lower metabolizable energy content. Despite this, total yield of both energy and protein rose significantly as more P was added. For example, the 9 kg P/ha rate increased the yield of protein and energy by 60%. Like P, applied N had a significant effect on the quality of fodder produced, with the extra N increasing crude protein content from 8.4% (nil N) to 13.1% (80 N). Balancing N and P meant that the yield gains due to the added P also maintained quality by keeping N supply up. The nil effect of applied N on hay yields was surprising, as there was only 26 kg N/ha in the top 60 cm at sowing on the nil N plots and total N demand was around 90 kg by the crop. It seems there was extra N beyond 60 cm, a remnant of the previous applications, leached down with the past two relatively wet years in the Wimmera. ANZ-08 Better Fertilizer Decisions for Crops Project Leader: Simon Speirs, Industry and Innovation Wagga Wagga Agricultural Research Institute, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. E-mail: simon.speirs@industry.nsw.gov.au Project Cooperators: Ken Peverill and Doug Reuter This project was established to improve current fertilizer recommendations by collaborating with national fertilizer industry, grains industry, state agencies, and agribusiness stakeholders. It aims to collate available and suitable N, P, K, and S crop response and soil test data for cereal, pulse, and oilseed crops, and make these data accessible through a searchable online repository. Data have been contributed by private and public research organizations including all the current fertilizer companies and state agriculture agencies that have done experiments over the past 40 years. The data set can then be used by growers and advisors to estimate critical soil test values and response curves for various crop and nutrient combinations. During 2011, data entry was completed with data from over 4,500 nutrition experiments entered with most data for N and P responses on wheat and barley. A web interface to the database called the “BFDC Interrogator” was developed. The project team met in March and November 2011 to test these calibrations. The plan is that the website will go “live” in June 2012. Training in the use of the interface was started on a trial basis in October 2011 with a group of agronomists in central New South Wales. This course was supported by the development of a technical manual to describe how to use the Interrogator, as well as materials to support the training of operators. Protocols are being developed to include long-term fertilizer trial data into the database, as well as strategies to maintain the database once the GRDC project funding ceases in June 2012. The project is led by New South Wales DPI, and supported by the Grains Research and Development Corporation. ANZ-09 Longerenong Cropping Challenge - Wheat Phase Project Leader: Rob Christie, Nuseed, Horsham, Victoria. E-mail: robert.christie@au.nuseed.com Project Cooperators: Mark Slatter (Nurfarm), Steve Drum (Longerenong College), and Peter Howie (The University of Melbourne). Thirteen groups participated in this agronomy challenge, where advisors were asked to provide crop management plans for the production of a wheat crop on the same plots used for canola in 2010. The management plans allowed agronomists to select variety, sowing time, seeding rate, crop protection strategies and nutrient management plans, as well as marketing plans for the grain. More important than the winning or losing was the sharing of information and experiences among the agronomists as they try out new strategies. Best yields were over 5 t/ha and modelled yield suggested 6 t/ha so there could have been some unmet potential still on the site. Maybe the very dry September was a problem in achieving this yield potential (YP). The highest wheat yields were for Tylers/Agwise and IPL (no significant difference). Three other groups grew 58 IPNI Interpretive Summaries
etter than 4.5 t/ha. Tylers/Agwise also achieved the highest gross margin of AUD 564/ha, and four other groups got gross margins over AUD 500/ha. There were no “silver bullets” in the plans, the results here are the consequence of the whole package. Nitrogen was generally not a limiting factor over the whole this season. The two top yielding groups exceeded the predicted N limit maybe because the crops exploited N deeper than the soil test went. Nitrogen fertilizer recovery in the grain was higher for the higher yielding crops were around 50% and less than 40% for the lower yielding crops. Up front, N was probably associated with lower grain protein, but yields were generally good. 2011 was a tough year to make decent grain protein—even the high N users tended to stimulate yield more than protein. Lower yields tended to have higher proteins. Phosphorus was generally well supplied, and on average across the site, the P off-take was the same as the amount of P applied. Stripe rust was the main disease; present at varying levels depending on variety susceptibility and use of fungicides. In determining final gross margin, yield seemed more important than price. Keeping costs down was more important than forcing up quality. ANZ-11 Tactical Use of Nitrogen in Canola to Manage Risk and Include Break Crops in Northern Wimmera Project Leader: Felicity Pritchard, PACE Consulting, Horsham, Victoria. E-mail: oilseed@bigpond.com.au A trial was undertaken to determine if N rates for canola can be reduced in the Wimmera without loss of yield. It also aimed to determine how late N can be topdressed. There was no response to a low rate of N, while 50 kg N/ha when applied at or near sowing gave a 54% yield increase, and 100 kg N/ha application raised yields a further 14%. Nitrogen rate is therefore very important, but timing—when applied even up until early flowering—had little effect. Soil test N at sowing was 41 kg N/ha, and this would have carried the crop through the early growth. The crop showed good recovery from N stress when N was applied as late as early flowering. Growers in this region base the fertilizer program on expected N demand based on a water limited yield potential. A total 80 kg N/ha/tonne of grain yield—the popular “rule of thumb”—has stood up as the best treatment over a range of timings. However, results from this trial suggest a lower rate (60 kg) can provide similar yields as long as it is applied early. This field experiment confirmed that canola can respond to late applied N (early flowering) but less efficiently than earlier applied N in a season with a dry spring. ANZ-12 Multinutrient Deficiencies in Northern Grains Cropping Project Leader: Mike Bell, University of Queensland, Kingaroy, Queensland. E-mail: mbell4@uq.edu.au We continue to see evidence of responses to additional P, K, or S fertilizer applications in winter and summer crops, with a number of sites responding more strongly to combinations of these nutrients (i.e. P and S, or PK and S) than due to individual nutrients alone. This is especially the case where sufficient N is available to allow higher yield targets to be reached. Factors which affect root system efficiency or the ability of root systems to explore large soil volumes (e.g. lesion nematode activity or water logging) will increase the size of yield responses. In the recent wet summer and winter crop seasons, the reliance on deep placement of P or K has generally been reduced in favor of overall profile (0 to 25 cm) enrichment, but residual effects of deep P applications are still being recorded six crop seasons after application. It is proposed that application strategies for P and K fertilizer be developed around periodic deep (15 to 20 cm) applications in bands 50 cm apart (or closer), in addition to the current use of starter P applications in the seeding row when Colwell-P tests in the 0 to 10 cm layer indicate a deficiency. Applications should at least meet likely crop removal in grain until the next application event, while redistribution of deep applied nutrient in crop residue will enrich the topsoil layers. Applications of the more mobile N and S can be made to target individual crops and yield targets as at present. ANZ-13 v IPNI Interpretive Summaries 59
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