The expression of modality in Korean - Institut fÃ¼r ...

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v III.IV. Data sources and source abbreviations The following printed materials have served as sources for Korean language data material and as such are indicated in the text. For convenience, they have been assigned the following abbreviations. Source Dong-As Neues Deutsch-Koreanisches Wörterbuch (1979) Tong a chul phan sa, Seoul. Eckardt, Andre ( 2 1965) Grammatik der koreanischen Sprache. Julius Groos, Heidelberg. Hwang, Shin Ja Joo (1987) Discourse features of Korean narration. SIL, Dallas TX. Lee, Hansol H. B. (1989) Korean grammar. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Lee, Hyo Sang (1991) Tense, aspect, and modality. UMI, Ann Arbor MI. Lewin, Bruno (1970) Morphologie des koreanischen Verbs. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. Lewin, Bruno & Tschong Dae Kim ( 3 1978) Einführung in die koreanische Sprache. Verlag Vorspann Werbung Dr. Gustav Scherer, Heilbronn. Lukoff, Fred (1982) An introductory course in Korean. Yonsei University Press, Seoul. Martin, Samuel E. (1992) A reference grammar of Korean. Tuttle, Rutland VT & Tokyo. Minjungseorim’s Essence Korean-English dictionary (1986) Min cung so lim, Seoul. Pultr, Alois (1958) Lehrbuch der koreanischen Sprache. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin. [German translation of Ucebnice Korejstiny (1954)] Shin, Sung-Ock (1988) Tense and aspect in Korean. UMI, Ann Arbor MI. Skillend, W.E. (1987) Early readings in Korean. Ms., Centre for Korean Studies, SOAS. Sohn, Ho-Min (1994) Korean. Routledge, London & New York. Abbreviation DON ECK HWA LHB LHS LEW L&K LUK MAR MJS PUL SHI SKI SOH
1 1. PRELIMINARIES One of the prerequisites of scientific analysis which is both fundamental and commonplace is the fact that before any analytical work can be carried out one must define the object of such an analysis. In many cases this seemingly banal statement may not truly justify any second thought other than some general remarks aimed at setting the stage, as well-elaborated, long-standing and commonly shared definitions may be at hand. This is, however, not true for modality and the question of defining the object of this study is therefore of an entirely different importance than might be the case in other fields of linguistic analysis. For this reason, I will outline the necessary preliminaries to this study of modality by first of all setting down the principles and parameters of modality as defined and used in this analysis. In addition, we must not forget that this study has a second object on which it focuses, namely the Korean language. Evaluating data from a given language is often only possible if this data can be viewed within a typological context. This will therefore be the second necessary preliminary: An outline of the salient typological features of Korean. Only then will it be possible to put the following analysis of the expression of modality in Korean into proper perspective. 1.1. Modality 1.1.1. The concept of modality The vast majority of linguistic studies on modality appear consciously plagued by the difficulty in delivering a clear-cut definition of the concept of modality. This fact has frequently been discussed and commented on but perhaps never as poignantly as by Jongeboer (1985) who concludes: „Vergleicht man nun die einschlägigen Grammatiken und die Monographien zu Teilgebieten des Konjunktivs und zum Modalen überhaupt, dann stellt man erstaunt fest, dass wohl auf keinem Gebiet der Grammatik soviel Uneinigkeit herrscht wie bei dem, was ich unter dem Begriff Modalität zusammenfasse. Es ist im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes ein Irrgarten, in dem jeder Grammatiker sich einen Weg sucht.“ 1 (Jongeboer 1985, 14) 1 Quotes are rendered in their original language throughout this study. However, I have provided my own translations for quotes in languages other than English. “Comparing the relevant grammars and the monographs to subtopics of the conjunctive and to modal aspects in general, one is astonished to find that in seemingly no other field of grammar so much disagreement prevails as in what I summarize under the term of modality. It is in the true sense of the word a maze in which every grammarian is searching for his way.“
Page 1 and 2: THE EXPRESSION OF MODALITY IN KOREA
Page 3 and 4: THE EXPRESSION OF MODALITY IN KOREA
Page 5 and 6: 3.4. Evidentiality 164 3.4.1. Immed
Page 7 and 8: ii III. General expository practice
Page 9: iv These romanization conventions 1
Page 13 and 14: 3 necessity as logical entities but
Page 15 and 16: 5 of investigation, in this case a
Page 17 and 18: 7 from being treated as utterances
Page 19 and 20: 9 better (7) locutionary act: The s
Page 21 and 22: 11 Inverness“) is a non-finite co
Page 23 and 24: 13 progressing on a linear path of
Page 25 and 26: 15 with epistemic modality, in keep
Page 27 and 28: 17 modality, we may „believe“ t
Page 29 and 30: 19 1.1.3.4. Evidentials General soc
Page 31 and 32: 21 (18) feiji nenggou qifei airplan
Page 33 and 34: 23 (22b) I wish John were here now
Page 35 and 36: 25 (Seoul), Ch’ungch’ong (betwe
Page 37 and 38: 27 problematic in that they served,
Page 39 and 40: 29 Brief mention of the Korean writ
Page 41 and 42: 31 Korean verbal morphology shows n
Page 43 and 44: 33 (31a) (31b) Yongho-ka uisa-ka to
Page 45 and 46: 35 (32) MODALITY [SEMANTIC CONCEPT]
Page 47 and 48: 37 distinction of mood and modality
Page 49 and 50: 39 2.2. The verbal system of speech
Page 51 and 52: 41 Table 3 characterizes the seven
Page 53 and 54: 43 2.3.1.1. Indicative The indicati
Page 55 and 56: 45 We thus find that the UFS follow
Page 57 and 58: 47 marker of the UFS. One therefore
Page 59 and 60: 49 Yet another specific aspect of t
Page 61 and 62:
51 (49) kaul hakki-nun sae kwamok-i
Page 63 and 64:
53 (52) [#[mok] V +o#] V # mok #
Page 65 and 66:
55 likely, as street language in co
Page 67 and 68:
57 communicative settings convey em
Page 69 and 70:
59 While the insertion of the honor
Page 71 and 72:
61 (63) top-si-o help-HON-MFS:SCSfx
Page 73 and 74:
63 The resulting ambiguity in terms
Page 75 and 76:
65 (70) oso o-se-yo quickly come-HO
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67 of two separate speech levels),
Page 79 and 80:
69 2.3.2.2. Hortative The classific
Page 81 and 82:
71 (78) [#[ka] V +si +p +si +ta#] V
Page 83 and 84:
73 quite frequently in communicativ
Page 85 and 86:
75 (85) [#[nol] V +se#] V # nol #
Page 87 and 88:
77 i.e. an admonitive uttered in th
Page 89 and 90:
79 (93) [#[mok] V +o#] V # mok #
Page 91 and 92:
81 2.4.1. Systematic and functional
Page 93 and 94:
83 Other types of modal semantic co
Page 95 and 96:
85 Table 6 Intra- and inter-speech
Page 97 and 98:
87 Finally turning to the morpholog
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89 l in the indicative mood type: [
Page 101 and 102:
91 3. MODAL EXPRESSIONS 3.1. The co
Page 103 and 104:
93 (101) Free Lexical Item minimal
Page 105 and 106:
95 content compatible with this mod
Page 107 and 108:
97 (106) Yongchol yonghwa kukyong-u
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99 The most common encoding in Kore
Page 111 and 112:
101 (115) kongwon-ulo ka-myon coh-k
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103 (119) kongpu-lul cal ha-nun kos
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105 (124) i il-e-nun taetanha-n cos
Page 117 and 118:
107 (129) no-nun cikum tton-a-ya ha
Page 119 and 120:
109 (132) na-nun il ha-ci anh-umyon
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111 (1989), etc.) that modal ambigu
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113 even if we were to see this as
Page 125 and 126:
115 (141) phyonci-lul nae-sy-o-ya h
Page 127 and 128:
117 The face value of this instanti
Page 129 and 130:
119 DE-4 hoka NV {(N) (V)} Deontic
Page 131 and 132:
121 DE-8 kos cohul kos ita NVNC {(N
Page 133 and 134:
123 DE-12 philyo NV {(N) (V)} Deont
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125 DE-16 su pakke opsta NNSV {(N)
Page 137 and 138:
127 DE-20 SANC {(V-CSfx-Sfx) (AUX-
Page 139 and 140:
129 Similar to the formally basic e
Page 141 and 142:
131 (149) saengkak-khonte na-nun si
Page 143 and 144:
133 and evidentiality, namely in ca
Page 145 and 146:
135 (157) kulo-l su iss-o-yo be:lik
Page 147 and 148:
137 (162) -l ADN:FUT -nun ADN:PRES
Page 149 and 150:
139 a religious faith, e.g. hanu-ni
Page 151 and 152:
141 (168) Pak sonsaeng-i samusil-e
Page 153 and 154:
143 (171) kuroh-l li iss-o-yo be:su
Page 155 and 156:
145 The characteristics of {(kos) (
Page 157 and 158:
147 (178) oce soul-e pi-ka manhi w-
Page 159 and 160:
149 3.3.3. Inventory EP-1 chuchuk N
Page 161 and 162:
151 EP-5 cul alta NV {(N) (V)} Epis
Page 163 and 164:
153 EP-9 kanungsong issta NV {(N) (
Page 165 and 166:
155 EP-13 kos ita NC {(N) (COP)} Ep
Page 167 and 168:
157 EP-17 li issta NV {(N) (V)} Epi
Page 169 and 170:
159 EP-21 phantan NS {(N) (Sfx)} Ep
Page 171 and 172:
161 EP-25 su issta NV {(N) (V)} Epi
Page 173 and 174:
163 EP-29 uisim hal pa opsi NANV {(
Page 175 and 176:
165 Following this statement, Ander
Page 177 and 178:
167 difference does, in fact, lie o
Page 179 and 180:
169 take on subtle semantic differe
Page 181 and 182:
171 (189) hakkyo phae-tul-to ice-n
Page 183 and 184:
173 EV-3 -tako hata SSA {(V-NSL:IND
Page 185 and 186:
175 (191) otuu-n pam i-la-to pulkyo
Page 187 and 188:
177 (196) kaelyang-ui yoci iss-o yo
Page 189 and 190:
179 (199) heomchi-l chul-ul al-ko i
Page 191 and 192:
181 DY-3 nunglyok issta NV {(N) (V)
Page 193 and 194:
183 3.6. Volitive modality It will
Page 195 and 196:
185 While {(cakcong) (i-ta)}, which
Page 197 and 198:
187 (209) ku-nun po-nun kos-un motu
Page 199 and 200:
189 means that an occurrence of [+k
Page 201 and 202:
191 VO-4 -ko ca hata SVSA {(V-Sfx)
Page 203 and 204:
193 VO-8 siphta V {(V)} Volitive MJ
Page 205 and 206:
195 VO-12 yolmang hata NA {(N) (AUX
Page 207 and 208:
197 (214) chil-yuk-i myos myong-i-t
Page 209 and 210:
199 sense and certainly always leav
Page 211 and 212:
(216) MODALITY MODALITIES MOOD PRIM
Page 213 and 214:
203 which is important in a number
Page 215 and 216:
205 compulsory system of speech lev
Page 217 and 218:
207 following two examples illustra
Page 219 and 220:
209 (220) i caek-un songkong-ui kam
Page 221 and 222:
211 (225) co kuk kyong citae-e tulo
Page 223 and 224:
213 realizations of the modal under
Page 225 and 226:
215 4.3.2.4. Modal attitude The mod
Page 227 and 228:
217 with lexical and grammatical ca
Page 229 and 230:
219 The modal encodings for evident
Page 231 and 232:
221 Based on this distributional da
Page 233 and 234:
223 (241) ama na-ui chuchuk-ulo Cec
Page 235 and 236:
225 concerned with how and to what
Page 237 and 238:
227 types of modality are illustrat
Page 239 and 240:
229 Brown, Penelope & Stephen C. Le
Page 241 and 242:
231 Grice, H. Paul (1967) Logic and
Page 243 and 244:
233 Martin, Samuel E. (1954) Korean
Page 245:
235 Stephany, Ursula (1986) Modalit
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