The expression of modality in Korean - Institut fÃ¼r ...

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32 (29) S NP VP NP V Minca-ka Bob-ul mann-a-ss-ta Minca-NOM Bob-ACC meet-Sfx-PAST-SCSfx „Minca met Bob“ Although this categorization does reflect the canonical word order, Korean is best analyzed and described as being a strict verb-final language with discontinuous constituents in a relatively free word order, as illustrated by comparison of (29) and (30). (30) S NP VP NP V Bob-ul Minca-ka mann-a-ss-ta Bob-ACC Minca-NOM meet-Sfx-PAST-SCSfx „Minca met Bob“ There are however a few restrictions on this relatively free scrambling in terms of sentence structures which are grammatical but do not meet the intended semantic content, as can be seen from the following two examples:
33 (31a) (31b) Yongho-ka uisa-ka toe-ss-ta Yongho-NOM doctor-NOM become-PAST-SCSfx uisa-ka Yongho-ka toe-ss-ta doctor-NOM Yongho-NOM become-PAST-SCSfx While (31a) is interpreted as „Yongho became a doctor“, (31b) can only be understood to signify „the doctor became Yongho“, the syntactical restriction for the correct interpretation being, that what is a nominal complement in a construction involving either the copula or toeta „become“ must occur immediately before the predicate. While case markers are often not assigned in colloquial speech, they will show a strong tendency to be articulated if the word order is not in compliance with the canonical SOV. In addition to a fairly standard Nominative-Accusative case system, Korean falls into the category of topic-prominent languages. The general phrase structure of Korean is characterized by a compulsory rule requiring modifiers to preceed head nouns.
Page 1 and 2: THE EXPRESSION OF MODALITY IN KOREA
Page 3 and 4: THE EXPRESSION OF MODALITY IN KOREA
Page 5 and 6: 3.4. Evidentiality 164 3.4.1. Immed
Page 7 and 8: ii III. General expository practice
Page 9 and 10: iv These romanization conventions 1
Page 11 and 12: 1 1. PRELIMINARIES One of the prere
Page 13 and 14: 3 necessity as logical entities but
Page 15 and 16: 5 of investigation, in this case a
Page 17 and 18: 7 from being treated as utterances
Page 19 and 20: 9 better (7) locutionary act: The s
Page 21 and 22: 11 Inverness“) is a non-finite co
Page 23 and 24: 13 progressing on a linear path of
Page 25 and 26: 15 with epistemic modality, in keep
Page 27 and 28: 17 modality, we may „believe“ t
Page 29 and 30: 19 1.1.3.4. Evidentials General soc
Page 31 and 32: 21 (18) feiji nenggou qifei airplan
Page 33 and 34: 23 (22b) I wish John were here now
Page 35 and 36: 25 (Seoul), Ch’ungch’ong (betwe
Page 37 and 38: 27 problematic in that they served,
Page 39 and 40: 29 Brief mention of the Korean writ
Page 41: 31 Korean verbal morphology shows n
Page 45 and 46: 35 (32) MODALITY [SEMANTIC CONCEPT]
Page 47 and 48: 37 distinction of mood and modality
Page 49 and 50: 39 2.2. The verbal system of speech
Page 51 and 52: 41 Table 3 characterizes the seven
Page 53 and 54: 43 2.3.1.1. Indicative The indicati
Page 55 and 56: 45 We thus find that the UFS follow
Page 57 and 58: 47 marker of the UFS. One therefore
Page 59 and 60: 49 Yet another specific aspect of t
Page 61 and 62: 51 (49) kaul hakki-nun sae kwamok-i
Page 63 and 64: 53 (52) [#[mok] V +o#] V # mok #
Page 65 and 66: 55 likely, as street language in co
Page 67 and 68: 57 communicative settings convey em
Page 69 and 70: 59 While the insertion of the honor
Page 71 and 72: 61 (63) top-si-o help-HON-MFS:SCSfx
Page 73 and 74: 63 The resulting ambiguity in terms
Page 75 and 76: 65 (70) oso o-se-yo quickly come-HO
Page 77 and 78: 67 of two separate speech levels),
Page 79 and 80: 69 2.3.2.2. Hortative The classific
Page 81 and 82: 71 (78) [#[ka] V +si +p +si +ta#] V
Page 83 and 84: 73 quite frequently in communicativ
Page 85 and 86: 75 (85) [#[nol] V +se#] V # nol #
Page 87 and 88: 77 i.e. an admonitive uttered in th
Page 89 and 90: 79 (93) [#[mok] V +o#] V # mok #
Page 91 and 92: 81 2.4.1. Systematic and functional
Page 93 and 94:
83 Other types of modal semantic co
Page 95 and 96:
85 Table 6 Intra- and inter-speech
Page 97 and 98:
87 Finally turning to the morpholog
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89 l in the indicative mood type: [
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91 3. MODAL EXPRESSIONS 3.1. The co
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93 (101) Free Lexical Item minimal
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95 content compatible with this mod
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97 (106) Yongchol yonghwa kukyong-u
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99 The most common encoding in Kore
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101 (115) kongwon-ulo ka-myon coh-k
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103 (119) kongpu-lul cal ha-nun kos
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105 (124) i il-e-nun taetanha-n cos
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107 (129) no-nun cikum tton-a-ya ha
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109 (132) na-nun il ha-ci anh-umyon
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111 (1989), etc.) that modal ambigu
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113 even if we were to see this as
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115 (141) phyonci-lul nae-sy-o-ya h
Page 127 and 128:
117 The face value of this instanti
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119 DE-4 hoka NV {(N) (V)} Deontic
Page 131 and 132:
121 DE-8 kos cohul kos ita NVNC {(N
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123 DE-12 philyo NV {(N) (V)} Deont
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125 DE-16 su pakke opsta NNSV {(N)
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127 DE-20 SANC {(V-CSfx-Sfx) (AUX-
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129 Similar to the formally basic e
Page 141 and 142:
131 (149) saengkak-khonte na-nun si
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133 and evidentiality, namely in ca
Page 145 and 146:
135 (157) kulo-l su iss-o-yo be:lik
Page 147 and 148:
137 (162) -l ADN:FUT -nun ADN:PRES
Page 149 and 150:
139 a religious faith, e.g. hanu-ni
Page 151 and 152:
141 (168) Pak sonsaeng-i samusil-e
Page 153 and 154:
143 (171) kuroh-l li iss-o-yo be:su
Page 155 and 156:
145 The characteristics of {(kos) (
Page 157 and 158:
147 (178) oce soul-e pi-ka manhi w-
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149 3.3.3. Inventory EP-1 chuchuk N
Page 161 and 162:
151 EP-5 cul alta NV {(N) (V)} Epis
Page 163 and 164:
153 EP-9 kanungsong issta NV {(N) (
Page 165 and 166:
155 EP-13 kos ita NC {(N) (COP)} Ep
Page 167 and 168:
157 EP-17 li issta NV {(N) (V)} Epi
Page 169 and 170:
159 EP-21 phantan NS {(N) (Sfx)} Ep
Page 171 and 172:
161 EP-25 su issta NV {(N) (V)} Epi
Page 173 and 174:
163 EP-29 uisim hal pa opsi NANV {(
Page 175 and 176:
165 Following this statement, Ander
Page 177 and 178:
167 difference does, in fact, lie o
Page 179 and 180:
169 take on subtle semantic differe
Page 181 and 182:
171 (189) hakkyo phae-tul-to ice-n
Page 183 and 184:
173 EV-3 -tako hata SSA {(V-NSL:IND
Page 185 and 186:
175 (191) otuu-n pam i-la-to pulkyo
Page 187 and 188:
177 (196) kaelyang-ui yoci iss-o yo
Page 189 and 190:
179 (199) heomchi-l chul-ul al-ko i
Page 191 and 192:
181 DY-3 nunglyok issta NV {(N) (V)
Page 193 and 194:
183 3.6. Volitive modality It will
Page 195 and 196:
185 While {(cakcong) (i-ta)}, which
Page 197 and 198:
187 (209) ku-nun po-nun kos-un motu
Page 199 and 200:
189 means that an occurrence of [+k
Page 201 and 202:
191 VO-4 -ko ca hata SVSA {(V-Sfx)
Page 203 and 204:
193 VO-8 siphta V {(V)} Volitive MJ
Page 205 and 206:
195 VO-12 yolmang hata NA {(N) (AUX
Page 207 and 208:
197 (214) chil-yuk-i myos myong-i-t
Page 209 and 210:
199 sense and certainly always leav
Page 211 and 212:
(216) MODALITY MODALITIES MOOD PRIM
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203 which is important in a number
Page 215 and 216:
205 compulsory system of speech lev
Page 217 and 218:
207 following two examples illustra
Page 219 and 220:
209 (220) i caek-un songkong-ui kam
Page 221 and 222:
211 (225) co kuk kyong citae-e tulo
Page 223 and 224:
213 realizations of the modal under
Page 225 and 226:
215 4.3.2.4. Modal attitude The mod
Page 227 and 228:
217 with lexical and grammatical ca
Page 229 and 230:
219 The modal encodings for evident
Page 231 and 232:
221 Based on this distributional da
Page 233 and 234:
223 (241) ama na-ui chuchuk-ulo Cec
Page 235 and 236:
225 concerned with how and to what
Page 237 and 238:
227 types of modality are illustrat
Page 239 and 240:
229 Brown, Penelope & Stephen C. Le
Page 241 and 242:
231 Grice, H. Paul (1967) Logic and
Page 243 and 244:
233 Martin, Samuel E. (1954) Korean
Page 245:
235 Stephany, Ursula (1986) Modalit
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