Gale - Science and Its Times Vol 01 (2000 BC to AD 699).pdf

Contents
Preface ...................vii
Advisory Board ...............ix
Contributors ................xi
Introduction: 2000 B.C. to A.D. 699 . . . xiii
Chronology: 2000 B.C. to A.D. 699 . . . xvii
Exploration and Discovery
Chronology of Key Events ..............1
Overview ........................2
Topical Essays
Hatshepsut’s Expedition to Punt ..........4
The Role of the “Sea Peoples” in
Transforming History. .............8
The Phoenicians: Early Lessons
in Economics .................10
Persia Expands the Boundaries of Empire,
Exploration, and Organization ........13
Hanno Sails Down the Coast of West
Africa—and Perhaps Even Further ......17
The History of Herodotus .............20
Xenophon and the Ten Thousand ........22
Ultima Thule, Brettanike, and the Voyage
of Pytheas of Massalia .............25
Nearchus Discovers a Sea Route from India
to the Arabian Peninsula ...........27
Alexander the Great ................30
The Silk Road Bridges East and West ......35
Rome’s Quest for Empire and Its Impact
on Exploration .................40
Caesar and the Gauls ...............44
Aelius Gallus Attempts the Conquest of Arabia—
and Reaches the Limits of Roman Power . . 46
Roman Technology, Government, and the
Spread of Early Christianity .........49
Lindisfarne and Iona: Preserving Western
Civilization in the Dark Ages .........52
Saint Brendan’s Epic Voyage ...........55
Hsüan-tsang Forges a Link Between
China and India ................57
Fa-Hsien Travels Around the Outskirts of
China, to India and the East Indies. .....59
Biographical Sketches ................62
Biographical Mentions ...............84
Bibliography of Primary Sources ..........89
Life Sciences and Medicine
Chronology of Key Events ..............91
Overview .......................92
Topical Essays
Doctors, Drugs, and Death in
Ancient Egypt .................94
Acupuncture in China. ..............99
Herbal Medicine .................101
The Hebrew Dietary Laws ...........105
Hippocrates and His Legacy ..........108
The Philosophy of Greek Medicine. ......111
The Doctrine of the Four Humors .......114
Aristotle and the Founding of Biology .....116
The Origins of Botany ..............119
Ayurvedic Medicine ...............121
The Science of Physiology: Galen’s
Influence ...................125
The Military Medicine of Ancient Rome. ...128
Hospitals and Treatment Facilities in the
Ancient World ................131
Biographical Sketches ...............134
Biographical Mentions ...............148
Bibliography of Primary Sources .........152
Mathematics
Chronology of Key Events .............155
Overview ......................156
Topical Essays
Mesopotamian Mathematics ..........158
The Mathematics of Ancient India .......162
S C I E N C E A N D I T S T I M E S V O L U M E 1
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