Gale - Science and Its Times Vol 01 (2000 BC to AD 699).pdf

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Advisory Board Amir Alexander Research Fellow Center for 17th and 18th Century Studies UCLA Amy Sue Bix Associate Professor of History Iowa State University Elizabeth Fee Chief, History of Medicine Division National Library of Medicine Lois N. Magner Professor Emerita Purdue University Henry Petroski A.S. Vesic Professor of Civil Engineering and Professor of History Duke University F. Jamil Ragep Associate Professor of the History of Science University of Oklahoma David L. Roberts Post-Doctoral Fellow, National Academy of Education Morton L. Schagrin Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and History of Science SUNY College at Fredonia Hilda K. Weisburg Library Media Specialist Morristown High School, Morristown, NJ S C I E N C E A N D I T S T I M E S V O L U M E 1 ix
Contributors Amy Ackerberg-Hastings Independent Scholar Mark H. Allenbaugh Lecturer George Washington University James A. Altena The University of Chicago Peter J. Andrews Freelance Writer Kenneth E. Barber Professor of Biology Western Oklahoma State College Bob Batchelor Writer Arter & Hadden LLP Katherine Batchelor Independent Scholar and Writer Sherri Chasin Calvo Freelance Writer H. J. Eisenman Professor of History University of Missouri-Rolla Ellen Elghobashi Freelance Writer Lindsay Evans Freelance Writer Loren Butler Feffer Independent Scholar Randolph Fillmore Freelance Science Writer Richard Fitzgerald Freelance Writer Maura C. Flannery Professor of Biology St. John’s University, New York Donald R. Franceschetti Distinguished Service Professor of Physics and Chemistry The University of Memphis Diane K. Hawkins Head, Reference Services—Health Sciences Library SUNY Upstate Medical University Robert Hendrick Professor of History St. John’s University, New York James J. Hoffmann Diablo Valley College Leslie Hutchinson Freelance Writer Joseph P. Hyder Science Correspondent History of Mathematics and Science P. Andrew Karam Environmental Medicine Department University of Rochester Evelyn B. Kelly Professor of Education Saint Leo University, Florida S C I E N C E A N D I T S T I M E S V O L U M E 1 xi
Page 1 and 2: VOLUME1 2000 B . C . to A . D . 699
Page 3 and 4: Science and Its Times VOLUME1 2000
Page 5 and 6: Contents 2000 B.C. to A.D. 699 Maya
Page 7: Preface 2000 B.C. to A.D. 699 Arran
Page 11 and 12: Introduction: 2000 B.C. to A.D. 699
Page 13 and 14: universe and the mathematical laws
Page 15 and 16: Chronology 2000 B.C. to A.D. 699 na
Page 17 and 18: Exploration & Discovery 2000 B.C. t
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Exploration & Discovery 2000 B.C. t
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Life Sciences & Medicine 2000 B.C.
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Mathematics Chronology c. 2000 B.
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Trisecting an angle seems like an e
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to make calculation easier by linki
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triangle, for example, could be con
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A.D. to the late sixth century A.D.
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some important mathematical concept
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Mathematics 2000 B.C. to A.D. 699 A
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exported some mathematics to the We
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Background Long before the inventio
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through the contacts between mercha
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B.C.) and Aristotle (384-322 B.C.),
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ducing some useful results, but no
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of modern arithmetic calculation, c
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The Historical Relationship of Logi
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3. A circle can be drawn with any c
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In modern times, the huge number of
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nique called the method of exhausti
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By the time Euclid (c. 330-c. 270 B
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Background In its modern and elemen
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Impact Our word “algebra” is de
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Hipparchus considered every triangl
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tended seagoing journeys and explor
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numbers for centuries. Around A.D.
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Overview The zero was invented thre
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Further Reading Kaplan, Robert. The
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y a confederation of city-states, a
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His misfortunes began in 522, when
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Propositions 10 through 12 offered
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In fact the historical existence of
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Most likely Geminus came from the G
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other problem of long standing amon
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had yet to gain formal definition.
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ing two of the famous problems that
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Pythagoras of Samos. (Corbis Corpor
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ics: because of the massive destruc
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Archimedes c. 287-212 B.C. Greek ma
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of duplicating the cube by a number
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argued that all existing things do
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Wang Hs’iao-t’ung fl. c. 625 Ch
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gational instruments. Eratosthenes
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Physical Sciences Chronology c. 6
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siderable attention: optics (or per
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Parmenides argued that reason is su
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lated problem is that of Continuity
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tant, most concern his ethical teac
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Barnes, Jonathan. The Presocratics.
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ules for calculating solar and luna
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Egyptian civilization dominated by
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world around them. This was particu
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Overview Keeping track of the passa
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Dreyer, J.L.E. A History of Astrono
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uler maintained his positive relati
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Overview During the second century
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defended heliocentrism in the secon
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posites to be the truest substances
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Due to its far greater sophisticati
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ens stretched on infinitely above t
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Overview Located in a seismically a
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Impact Opinions vary as to whether
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In Physics, Aristotle made a distin
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Physical Sciences 2000 B.C. to A.D.
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share the same dimensions of base a
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attempting to extract general laws
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variation in the apparent diameters
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Physical Sciences 2000 B.C. to A.D.
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Epicurus. (Bettmann/Corbis. Reprodu
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Saint Isidore of Seville 560-636 Sp
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He was a native of Madaura, Numidia
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has long puzzled scholars, some of
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much easier rolling surface than ca
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complexity, in part, derived from h
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god would more likely resemble the
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trivium and quadrivium) that were t
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Marcus Manilius 48? B.C.-A.D. 20 Ro
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Shih Shen fl. c. 350 B.C. Chinese a
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Menelaus of Alexandria. Sphaerica (
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Technology & Invention 2000 B.C. to
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General Bibliography 2000 B.C. to A
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