Household Production and Consumption in Finland 2001

Johanna Varjonen – Kristiina Aalto 

Household Production 

and Consumption 

in Finland 2001 

Household Satellite Account

Johanna Varjonen – Kristiina Aalto 

Household Production 

and Consumption 

in Finland 2001 

Household Satellite Account 

Helsinki – Helsingfors 2006

Tiedustelut – Förfrågningar – Inquiries 

Johanna Varjonen 

Tel. +358 9 7726 7736 

johanna.varjonen@ncrc.fi 

Kristiina Aalto 

Tel. +358 9 7726 7751 

kristiina.aalto@ncrc.fi 

© 2006 Tilastokeskus ja Kuluttajatutkimuskeskus 

Statistikcentralen och Konsumentforskningscentral 

Statistics Finland and National Consumer Research Centre 

Tietoja lainattaessa lähteenä on mainittava Tilastokeskus ja Kuluttajatutkimuskeskus. 

Uppgifterna får lånas med uppgivande av Statistikcentralen och Konsumentforskningscentral 

som källa. 

Quoting is encouraged provided Statistics Finland and National Consumer Research Centre 

are acknowledged as the source. 

ISBN 952-467-570-6 (pdf) Statistics Finland 

ISBN 951-698-141-0 (pdf) National Consumer Research Centre 

Helsinki – Helsingfors 2006

Foreword 

The national accounts are a comprehensive set of statistics that provide an 

overview of the size and development of the economy. Their availability is a 

crucial issue for economic analysis. Since Finland joined the European Union 

in 1995, the importance of national accounts has further increased because of 

needs of comparability of economic data on different countries. 

In the national accounts, statistics on production, income formation and 

income expenditure are compiled separately for different sectors, one of which 

is the household sector. The household sector has a dual role in the national 

accounts. On the one hand households have a consumer role in that they 

purchase goods produced in the market. On the other hand, households 

provide a significant share of goods and services produced in the economy. 

Households engage in activities that create added value and that generate 

welfare. However, only part of this work is included in the national accounts. 

For decades now national and international experts have debated the 

possibility of measuring household production in its entirety and showing the 

results in the same accounting framework with other production. Extended 

national accounts that incorporate household production could help to give a 

more comprehensive picture of the interplay and interaction between different 

sectors and also show what kind of shifts in economic activity occur between 

the sectors. Furthermore, they could improve the comparability of national 

economies both over time and between different countries. These are some of 

the key aims of the proposed Household Satellite Account. 

The Household Satellite Account has been developed on the basis of the 

method discussion that has been going on within Eurostat (Statistical Office of 

the European Communities). Finnish experts have made a valuable 

contribution to this discussion: among them are Eeva Hamunen and Iiris 

Niemi from Statistics Finland and Johanna Varjonen from the National 

Consumer Research Centre, who have been closely involved in compiling the 

present report. A number of other experts from these two organisations have 

also contributed to the development of the national satellite account at hand. 

The enthusiasm and excellent cooperation of all the people involved has made 

possible this pioneering project and given it access to extensive datasets and 

interpretations of those data. Statistics Finland and the National Consumer 

Research Centre have been pleased to have the country’s leading experts and 

partners on the project steering group; they have all shown great commitment 

to the work of this group. Not only was the steering group a huge source of 

inspiration to the research team, but it also provided intelligent advice and 

directions on where it should head with its work. 

National Consumer Research Centre Statistics Finland 3

On behalf of Statistics Finland and the National Consumer Research 

Centre it is our great pleasure to thank Johanna Varjonen and Kristiina Aalto 

for writing up this report as well as the whole project team and the steering 

group. The aim now is to build on this partnership and to compile household 

satellite accounts on a regular basis at a five-year interval or more often. We 

hope that this English translation of the original Finnish report will provide 

useful clues for teams in other countries working to develop their own satellite 

accounts. 

Helsinki, November 2005 

Eila Kilpiö Jussi Simpura Ari Tyrkkö 

Director, Professor Director of Director of Economic 

National Consumer Social Statistics Statistics 

Research Centre Statistics Finland Statistics Finland 

4 Statistics Finland National Consumer Research Centre

Household satellite account: 

the project team 

The Finnish Household Satellite Account was compiled in a joint effort 

between Statistics Finland and the National Consumer Research Centre. The 

latter was represented by two project team members: Johanna Varjonen who 

was in charge of the team, and Kristiina Aalto. The other team members were 

experts from Statistics Finland: Iiris Niemi and Hannu Pääkkönen, 

representing the Time Use Survey; Kirsti Ahlqvist and Mari-Anna Berg 

(Household Budget Survey); and Eeva Hamunen, Taru Sandström, Katri 

Soinne, Sami Niemeläinen and Veli-Matti Törmälehto (National accounts). 

Furthermore, Seppo Varjonen of the OECD Statistical Division was consulted 

in his capacity as a National accounts expert. 

The project steering group was chaired by Professor Eila Kilpiö, Director of 

the National Consumer Research Centre. Its other members were Jouko 

Kajanoja, Head of Social Research at the Social Insurance Institution; Jukka 

Lassila, Research Director (later substituted by Olli-Pekka Ruuskanen, 

Researcher) at the Research Institute of the Finnish Economy; Johanna 

Leskinen, Research Director at the National Consumer Research Centre; 

Immo Pohjola, Director, Ministry of Finance; Marja Riihelä, Senior 

Researcher, Government Institute for Economic Research; Jussi Simpura, 

Director of Social Statistics at Statistics Finland; Riitta Säntti, Senior 

Researcher at the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health; and Ari Tyrkkö, 

Director of Economic Statistics at Statistics Finland. The steering group 

contributed actively to the project and to key decisions made in compiling the 

Household Satellite Account. 


Contents 

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

Household Satellite Account: the project team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

1 Household satellite account: needs and applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

2 Definitions and boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

3 Methods and their development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

4 Household satellite account 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

4.1 Data sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

4.2 Compilation of production and generation of income account . . 18 

4.3 Principal functions of household production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

5 Value of household production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

5.1 SNA and non-SNA household production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

5.2 Household production by principal function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 

6 Household production in different types of households . . . . . . . . . . . 47 

6.1 Household production in individual households . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 

6.2 Household production by types of household at national level . . 58 

6.3 Conclusions by type of household. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 

7 Integrating household production into the national accounts . . . . . . . 62 

7.1 Integration with household sector accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

7.2 Integration with the whole national economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 

8 Discussion of the results and needs for further research . . . . . . . . . . . 68 

8.1 Interplay of time and money in household services. . . . . . . . . . . 68 

8.2 Reliability of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

8.3 Development needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 


Appendices 

Appendix 1 Household time use by type of household, min/day . . . . . . . 79 

Appendix 2 Principles for the classification of consumption between 

intermediate consumption, capital goods and final 

consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 

Appendix 3 Intermediate consumption, household capital (durables and 

semi-durables) and final consumption by principal function . 81 

Appendix 4 Value of Non-SNA production using different wage concepts . 93 

Appendix 5 Housing services produced by owner-occupiers 

in the National Accounts and Household Budget Survey, 

million euros in 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 

Appendix 6 Production and generation of income account, 

all households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 

Appendix 7 Production and income generation accounts by household 

type and income quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 

Appendix 8 Allocation of electricity and water costs to principal 

functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 

Appendix 9 Sequence of extended accounts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 

List offigures 

Figure 1 Structure of SNA and non-SNA household production . . . . 32 

Figure 2 Household production by principal function. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

Figure 3 Own-account production of housing services, value and 

structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 

Figure 4 Own-account production of meals and snacks, value and 

structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 

Figure 5 Value of meals and beverages by mode of production. . . . . . 39 

Figure 6 Own-account production of clothing and clothing care, 

value and structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 

Figure 7 Total value of clothing and clothing care by mode of 

production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 

Figure 8 Care of children and adults, value and structure . . . . . . . . . . 42 

Figure 9 Care of pets, value and structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 

Figure 10 Volunteer work, value and structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 


Figure 11 Shopping and travel related to unpaid work, value and 

structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 

Figure 12 Total time spent in principal functions, 

min/household/day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 

Figure 13 SNA and non-SNA household production in different 

types of households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 

Figure 14 SNA and non-SNA household production by income 

quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 

Figure 15 Breakdown of non-SNA household production by principal 

function in different types of households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 

Figure 16 Gross value added of non-SNA household production 

by principal function and type of household . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 

Figure 17 Gross value added of non-SNA household production 

by principal function and income quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 

Figure 18 Non-SNA production of housing services by type of 

household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 

Figure 19 Non-SNA production of meals and snacks and purchased 

final consumption products by type of household . . . . . . . . . 54 

Figure 20 Non-SNA production of clothing and clothing care and 

purchased final consumption products by type of 

household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 

Figure 21 Non-SNA production of the care of children and adults 

and purchased services by type of household . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 

Figure 22 Non-SNA production of pet care by type of household . . . . 57 

Figure 23 Volunteer work by type of household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 

Figure 24 National gross value added in household production 

by type of household. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 

Figure 25 National gross value added in production of own-account 

housing services by type of household. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 


List oftables 

Table 1 Scope of the Household Satellite Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

Table 2 Types of households in the Satellite Account . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

Table 3 Household capital goods, estimates of service life and 

proportion allocated to household production . . . . . . . . . . . 15 

Table 4 Principal functions of household production . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

Table 5 Breakdown of time spent in shopping and services, 

travel related to unpaid work, planning and organisation 

by principal functions, %. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Table 6 Elements of household production and their value in 2001, 

million euros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

Table 7 Value of unpaid work and its share of GDP in 1980, 1990 

and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

Table 8 Types of households and their average size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 

Table 9 Percentage of household types in income quintiles . . . . . . . . 41 


Summary 

The Household Satellite Account aims to make visible the non-market 

production of households, which is only partially covered in the National 

Accounts. All economic analyses depend on systematic data compiled in a given, 

structured format. However, no such data have been available for household 

production, so far. The purpose of the satellite account is to fill this gap. 

The Household Satellite Account measures and describes the value of the 

goods and services produced by households for their own final consumption. The 

main part of household production is outside the scope of GDP. Satellite Account 

is conceptually consistent with the core national accounts, and it enables to 

produce extended national accounts that include both core accounts and 

household production. Such extended national accounts give a somewhat 

different picture of economic development than the core national accounts. They 

are of particular interest in the analysis of long-term economic development or in 

the comparison of levels of production in different economies. 

The Finnish Household Satellite Account has been compiled in compliance 

with Eurostat and SNA93 guidelines. Some effort has also been made to 

further develop the Eurostat method. Accounts have been compiled for ten 

different types of households and for different principal functions of household 

production, i.e. providing housing, meals and snacks, clothing, care, and 

volunteer work. Also shopping and travel related to unpaid work are shown 

separately. The Finnish Household Satellite Account describes household 

production in 2001. 

Production not included in the national accounts is valued by using the input 

method. The data sources used in compiling the account were Statistics Finland’s 

Time Use Survey in 1999–2000, the 2001–2002 Household Budget Survey, wage 

and salary statistics as well as National Accounts figures for 2001. 

The total output value of household production in 2001 was 81.6 billion 

euros. Gross value added in household production was 62.8 billion euros, of 

which 13 per cent was included in the national accounts. The GDP is 

increased by 40 per cent and household consumption by almost 60 per cent 

when production excluded from the national accounts are included in the 

figures. Among the various principal functions of household production, the 

highest gross value added figure was recorded for housing. Its share was 43 per 

cent of all household production. Meals and snacks accounted 27 per cent of 

household production. 

The volume of output varied in different types of households. Output was 

highest in families with small children and lowest in young single-person 

households. Output increased markedly with the age of the household’s 

reference person, both among people living alone and couples. Household 

structure and the age of household members had a greater impact on output 

than gross household income. 

Extended national accounts time series will provide a valuable tool for 

monitoring changes in economic development. In the future the aim is to 

compile household satellite accounts on a regular basis at a five-year interval or 

more often using data from the national accounts, the Household Budget 

Survey and the Time Use Survey. 


1 Household satellite account: needs 

and applications 

The Household Satellite Account describes the volume, type and monetary 

value of goods and services produced by households for their own use. The 

results are presented in a format that allows for easy comparison with figures in 

the national accounts. This means they can be used in analyses that cover the 

whole economy, including household production (Household production… 

2003). 

The integration of household production into the national accounts helps 

us to shed light on the extent of household production in relation to market 

production; the volume of household production as a proportion of the total 

supply of services and goods; and on total household consumption. 

In the longer term, once time series are available on household production, 

we will be able to analyse the interplay between market production and 

household production and their relative changes. This will shed light on how 

new market and social innovations impact the production of households, what 

kinds of products move out into the marketplace and accordingly what kind of 

production is taken on by households. Furthermore, we will be able to study 

the impacts of these shifts in different types of households and in different 

socio-economic classes. 

Extended national accounts that incorporate household production will 

also facilitate comparisons of economic development over time. After all, part 

of the changes seen in GDP are simply due to the fact that part of the work 

done in households has shifted to the markets and vice versa. Accounting 

allows for long-term economic analyses of real economic growth, productivity, 

income distribution and fixed capital formation. Time series provide also the 

possibility to examine shifts occurring between households and markets in 

different business cycles. 

The amount of production that remains outside the national accounts 

varies from one country to the next, owing to differences in the stage of 

market economy development and family policy measures. The overall 

long-term trend has seen a shift in emphasis towards market production, 

among other things as a result of women taking on full-time employment 

outside the home. This has spurred GDP growth, although partly this is an 

indication of a shift in production from the informal to the formal economy 

(Taimio 1991, Varjonen & Varjonen 2003). Access to figures on the value of 

household production and its contribution to the economy will also facilitate 

comparisons of national economies. This, however, will require harmonised, 

transparent methods of calculation that can be applicable in all countries 

(Household production… 2003). 

Furthermore, the Satellite Account can provide information on financial 

planning in households and families as well as on the various welfare decisions 

they make during their life cycle, for example on household consumption and 

investment and on the substitution of own labour for market-produced goods. 

The results also have direct application in such areas as family, equality and 

labour policy (see Landefeld and McCulla 2000). 


2 Definitions and boundaries 

Household production 

Household production refers to the production of goods and services for the 

household’s own use. Examples include preparing meals for oneself or for 

family members; the care of clothing; childcare; building or renovating a house 

for oneself; and growing berries and vegetables in one’s own garden. 

Productive activities are distinguished from leisure or personal activities on 

the basis of the third party criterion. This distinction is followed in the 

classification for the Harmonised European Time Use Survey (HETUS). 

Statistics Finland’s time use data that are used in this Satellite Account follow 

this same classification. All activities that come under the heading of domestic 

work are productive activities. Studying and other forms of self-development 

are excluded from household production, even though they are an investment 

in human capital. This is based on the third party criterion: it cannot be 

delegated to another person. The same applies to going to the hairdresser, 

visiting a doctor and physical fitness exercise, i.e. “investing” in one’s own 

physical health. The issues surrounding human capital are an area of study in 

its own right, and indeed human capital is singled out in SNA93 as a candidate 

for a separate satellite account. 

Household 

The economic unit in the satellite account is the household. According to 

Statistics Finland’s definition, a household is formed by people who live 

together and share meals or who otherwise spend their income together. The 

national accounts define the household in somewhat more detail as a small 

group of persons who share the same living accommodation, who pool some, 

or all, of their income and wealth and who consume certain types of goods and 

services collectively, mainly housing and food (SNA 1993, 4.132). A person 

who lives alone also constitutes a household because that household is a 

separate economic unit. In the National accounts, households collectively 

make up the household sector. Persons permanently resident in institutions 

were excluded from the Satellite Account, even though their households are 

included in the household sector. 

In the national accounts households have a dual role: all households are 

consumers, but some households additionally take part in production. The 

latter are either market producers (e.g. farmers, self-employed people) or 

own-account producers (goods, housing services produced by 

owner-occupiers). In the satellite account household production is extended to 

comprise all services produced by households for their own use, and 

consequently it could be said that all households are both producers and 

consumers. 


Satellite account 

Satellite accounts are maintained separately from core accounts, yet 

conceptually the two systems are analogous. Their purpose is to allow for a 

more accurate focus on a certain field or aspect of economic and social life 

than is possible in the context of national accounts (SNA 1993, 2.246). 

Satellite accounting methods have been developed by various international 

organisations in collaboration with experts in this field. Guidelines jointly 

issued by the EU, UN, OECD and WTO are now in place for the compilation 

of a tourism satellite account. Finland published its first tourism satellite 

account in 2004 (Savela et al. 2004). 

In the past decade or so much effort has been devoted to developing the 

methods of household satellite accounting. Eurostat has commissioned and 

funded two methods reports (Varjonen et al. 1999 and Household production 

…2003). The present Satellite Account draws on the guidelines of these 

publications. 

Scope ofHousehold Satellite Account 

The Household Satellite Account covers the components of household 

production that are included in the core national accounts as well as those that 

are excluded from the core accounts. In other words, it includes all production 

by households for their own use. 

Table 1 illustrates the scope of the Household Satellite Account as well as 

the partial overlap between the satellite account and the core national 

accounts. Activities shown in italics are included in both accounts. This 

overlap is taken into account when the satellite account is integrated with the 

core accounts so as to avoid double counting. 

Table 1. 

Scope of the Household Satellite Account 

SNA production 

Non-SNA production 

Household Satellite Account 

Household production for own use 

Market 

production 

Volunteer 

production 

(goods) 

Housing services 

produced by 

owner- occupiers 

Own-account 

production 

(goods, 

particularly 

own-account 

construction of 

dwellings) 

Other services 

produced for own 

use 

Volunteer 

production 

(services) 


3 Methods and their development 

In Finland the first separate account of household production was compiled in 

1943 when Valter Lindberg (1943) published his figures on the Finnish 

national income and household production (the value of labour) for 

1926–1938. Since then the value of household labour has been measured in an 

extensive Housework Study by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health 

(Kilpiö 1981, Säntti et al. 1982) and in Statistics Finland’s Household Satellite 

Account for 1990 (Vihavainen 1995). Hilkka Taimio (1991) at the Research 

Institute of the Finnish Economy compiled a historical series for the years 

1860–1980. The above studies differ from one another both in terms of their 

methods and coverage. 

One of the novelties of the current satellite account is that calculations 

have been made separately for different types of households. Furthermore, 

production is divided between principal functions of household production: 

housing, meals and snacks, clothing, care, and volunteer work. The principal 

functions and their contents are described in more detail in Chapter 4.3. 

Furthermore, household production is integrated with the household sector in 

the core national accounts and to a certain extent with the whole economy. 

This allows us to see how the inclusion of household production in the 

accounts impacts overall consumption and household saving, for example. 

Valuation method 

No market value is attributed to household production because the output 

from this production is consumed in the same unit as it is produced. For this 

reason we need to use some other method to determine a value for this 

production. There are two alternative approaches: the input method that is 

based on costs or production inputs, and the output method. The respective 

formulae are presented below: 

INPUT APPROACH 

Value of labour (hours worked x 

imputed hourly wage rates) 

+ other taxes on production 

– other subsidies on production 

= net value added 

+ consumption of fixed capital 

= gross value added 

+ intermediate consumption 

= value of total output 

(sum of costs) 

OUTPUT APPROACH 

Value of outputs (quantity x price) 

at market equivalent prices 

– intermediate consumption 

= gross value added 

– consumption of fixed capital 

= net value added 

– other taxes on production 

+ other subsidies on production 

= mixed income (including compensation 

of labour and capital) 


The most interesting results, from a methods development point of view, 

are obtained by using both approaches and comparing results. Particularly, it is 

interesting to compare hourly incomes received by labour in each of the 

methods. The procedure has been tried out on a few occasions. It seems that 

for the preparation of meals and snacks, use of input approach results in higher 

value added compared to output approach whereas the opposite is true for the 

production of care and clothing (Holloway 2002, Varjonen & Aalto 2005). 

In the present Satellite Account we have opted to use the input approach. 

This decision was made because figures on time use were available, and also 

because earlier studies in 1979 and 1990 used the same method (Säntti et al. 

1982, Vihavainen 1995). The input method has also been used in Germany 

and Hungary, where satellite accounts for 2001 have already been completed 

(Schäfer 2004 and Sik & Szép 2003). 


4 Household satellite account 2001 

4.1 Data sources 

Time use data 

Data on time use are a key source in determining the value of labour. This 

Household Satellite Account relies on time use data collected by Statistics 

Finland in 1999–2000. This material was collected in a sample of households 

by interviewing all household members aged 10 or over and by giving them 

time use diaries to fill out. Household members kept a detailed record of their 

time use on the same two, randomly selected days, one of which was a 

weekday and the other either a Saturday or Sunday. The respondents recorded 

in their own words how they had spent their time during those days to an 

accuracy of 10 minutes. Most of the structural and background data on 

households and their members were collected in computer-aided interviews at 

the households concerned. Data on income were obtained from administrative 

registers. 

For the Satellite Account a dataset on time use was compiled at the 

household level. This dataset included all households for which data were 

obtained on the time use of all household members aged 10 or over for at least 

one same day. The time use figures for different household members on that 

same day were summed up. The dataset comprises 4,420 household days from 

2,240 different households (see Table 2). This dataset and the methods 

employed have been described in more detail in Time Use in Families 

(Pääkkönen 2005; in Finnish). Households were grouped into ten different 

types and into income quintiles on the basis of their income subject to state 

tax. Household time use was divided into 29 categories, which were further 

grouped into the six principal functions of household production. Chapter 4.2 

provides a more detailed description of how this dataset was used in the 

Satellite Account. The time use classification and average time use in different 

household types are presented in Appendix 1. 

Household Budget Survey data 

The micro data collected for Statistics Finland’s Household Budget Survey 

were used in compiling the Household Satellite Account for different 

household types. Particularly, these data were used in the allocation of 

intermediate consumption and household capital to different types of 

households and to the principal functions of household production. The 

Household Budget Survey is a sample-based survey that is conducted at 

regular intervals with a view to measuring household consumption 

expenditure and exploring changes in the structure of that expenditure. In 

addition to household consumption expenditure, it covers data on income, 

housing conditions, indebtedness and ownership of consumer durables. Data 

are also compiled on place of residence and household structure as well as on 

the socio-demographic characteristics of household members. Most of the 


household data are collected in computer-aided personal interviews and by 

means of diaries in which households keep a record of their consumption 

expenditure over a two-week period. Data on income are obtained from 

administrative registers. The latest dataset covering some 5,500 households 

was compiled in 2001–2002. The Satellite Account was compiled using this 

dataset. A more detailed description of the Household Budget Survey datasets 

and methods is available in Kulutustutkimus 2001–2002. Laatuselvitys 

(Tilastokeskus 2004; in Finnish). 

Similar adjustments were made to the Household Budget Survey dataset as 

to the time use dataset for purposes of compiling the Household Satellite 

Account: (1) A new classification of household types was developed. The 

content of the classification and the number of households in the sample and 

at the population level are described in Table 2. (2) An income variable was 

constructed i.e. income quintile per household. It was calculated as all 

household members’ combined income subject to state tax. 

Table 2. 

Types of households in the Satellite Account 

Number of households 

in Household Budget 

Survey sample 

Number of 

households 

in population 

Number of 

research days in 

Time Use Survey 

All households 5 495 2 381 500 4 420 

Persons living alone, under 45 yrs 473 317 093 512 

Persons living alone, 45–64 yrs 355 270 927 319 

Persons living alone, 65+ yrs 420 309 985 346 

Couples, reference person under 45 yrs 436 196 231 426 

Couples, reference person 45–64 yrs 822 310 906 650 

Couples, reference person 65+ yrs 514 189 146 395 

Single-parent families 145 80 110 161 

Two-parent families, youngest child 0–6 yrs 724 257 159582 

Two-parent families, youngest child 7–17 yrs 880 245 176 587 

Other households 726 204 768 442 


Data from the National Accounts 

National accounts figures were used in several different ways. Items from the 

core national accounts, such as housing services produced by owner-occupiers 

and own-account house construction, were drawn directly from the accounts 

(SNA housing). The same method was used for agricultural produce produced 

for own use, hunting, fishing and picking wild berries and mushrooms (SNA 

food). These figures for the whole country were broken down between 

different types of households using the corresponding proportions from the 

Household Budget Survey. 

Figures on household consumption were another key source of 

information. In order to produce figures for different types of households, it 

was necessary first of all to combine Household Budget Survey and national 

accounts statistics. As a general rule, data on consumption levels were drawn 

from the national accounts, while detailed breakdowns by consumption 

category were obtained from the Household Budget Survey. Thirdly, national 

accounts figures were used in order to produce figures on household capital 

and to calculate taxes and subsidies on production. 

4.2 Compilation ofproduction and generation 

ofincome account 

Determining the value oflabour 

In the input approach, the amount of labour is usually based on the amount of 

time spent in work. The data here have been obtained from Statistics Finland’s 

Time Use Survey in 1999–2000. Only time spent in primary activities is 

included. It has been suggested that time spent in secondary activities should 

also be included because their exclusion greatly underestimates the total 

volume of labour (e.g. Floro & Miles 2003). As long as they are excluded, 

much of the work that is done particularly in the care of children and the frail 

elderly will continue to be ignored. If, however, secondary activities were to be 

included, a decision would be needed on how to weight these activities. Does, 

for instance, keeping an eye on children simultaneously with some other 

activity carry the same value as full-time childcare? Furthermore, if a monetary 

value were given to a secondary activity, should the share of that activity be 

deducted from the value of the primary activity? If this were the case, the 

calculations should be expanded to cover all other activities as well, since the 

primary activity may consist of unpaid work and a secondary activity may be a 

leisure or personal activity and vice versa. There is no general agreement on 

these issues this far. Therefore the amount of time for primary activities has 

been included in its entirety in the Household Satellite Account. 

Critics point out that time use reveals nothing about either the efficiency of 

production or the quality of the output. In the literature there is some 

discussion about how the volume of labour is influenced by whether people 

enjoy the work they are doing, or how the amount of time at one’s disposal 


influences the efficiency of labour input (e.g. Robinson 1982, Ruuskanen 

2004). For example, in a survey on the leisure time use, most respondents 

(61%) felt that cooking was “at least sometimes a pleasure and a hobby”, and 

the same was true for gardening. In the same survey, about one-half of the 

respondents said they regarded doing the laundry and cleaning “always as a 

routine and a duty”. On the other hand more than one-quarter said they never 

helped with the laundry and one in ten said they never did any cleaning up 

(Hanifi 2005, 128). 

The international literature on satellite accounts works from the 

assumption that as far as household production is concerned, it is irrelevant 

whether people enjoy the work they are doing or whether they consider it 

simply a chore and a duty (e.g. Goldschmidt-Clermont 1994). After all the 

same goes for wage employment: it is very rarely that people are paid on the 

basis of whether or not they enjoy the job they are doing. Preparing a meal at 

home therefore has economic significance regardless of the cook’s mood, and a 

well-tended garden increases the value of housing services even if people did 

their gardening simply because they enjoyed it (see also Chapter 4.3). It is also 

noteworthy that the data collected for the Time Use Survey is so extensive 

that it probably includes people who take very different views on this matter 

and that these fluctuations will be smoothed away in averages. 

The value of labour is calculated by multiplying the amount of time spent in 

unpaid work by the hourly wage of a person in an equivalent paid job. For this 

study we opted to use the hourly pay of generalist housekeeper/ home helper, 

which in the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) 

comes under category 51331. Earlier studies in Finland have also used this 

same wage to determine the value of unpaid work (Säntti et al. 1982, 

Vihavainen 1995). According to 2001 wage statistics, the gross hourly wage of 

a housekeeper and home helper, excluding employer’s social insurance 

contributions, was 9.99 euros/hour. 

There has been much debate in the international literature on the choice of 

the most appropriate wage concept that would be compatible with national 

accounting principles (see e.g. Blades 1997, Varjonen et al. 1999). Should we 

use net wages or gross wages, or perhaps gross wages with employer 

contributions. Here a case in point has been the wage concept used in 

calculating outputs in the public sector and in non-profit institutions serving 

households. These calculations use gross wages including all employer 

contributions. 

Analogously, then, we might use the same wage concept to determine the 

value of household production. It has also been suggested that different wage 

concepts might be used depending on the end-use of the results. If the purpose 

is to describe the expenditure incurred to a household from purchasing a 

service from the market instead of producing that service itself, then the most 

appropriate choice is gross wage plus employer costs because all these costs are 

included in the price of the product. If, on the other hand, the purpose is to 

describe changes in the household’s disposable income when it produces a 

service instead of buying that service, net wage might be a more appropriate 

choice: this is because in this activity the household does not generate social 

security, nor does it add to public sector tax revenue. 


Different studies have applied different wage concepts to estimate the 

value of labour. In Germany, calculations have been based on nine different 

wage concepts (net wage with and without absence from work, gross wage 

with employer contributions, the wages of generalist housekeeper, specialised 

worker and average wages). Analyses of the structure of production, on the 

other hand, have used the net wages of housekeeper without holiday or 

sickness pay. The same procedure has been followed in integrating gross value 

added in household production into the national accounts (Schäfer 2004). 

In Finland, earlier studies have used gross wage figures or gross wage plus 

employer contributions. The problem in determining net wages is that tax 

rates vary not only between different areas and regions, but also individually 

depending on various tax deductions. 

Net wage, gross wage and gross wage including employer contributions can 

be determined by imputation. The following shows the figures for different 

wage concepts in Finland in euros per hour: 

1 

Net wage 2 (tax % 27.9) 7.20 

Gross wage, including absences (sickness, holiday) 9.99 

Gross wage, including employer contributions (+20%) 11.99 

In this Satellite Account the value of labour is based on gross wage 

excluding employer’s social insurance contributions (i.e. 9.99 euros/hour), i.e. 

we have opted for the middle road. 1 2 

The figure includes holiday 

compensation. However, only actual working time is included in time spent in 

unpaid work; all breaks, which are ordinarily included in wage earners’ daily 

working hours, are excluded. Household production values based on different 

wage concepts are shown in Appendix 4. 

1 Tax percentages are based on figures from the Taxpayers’ Association of Finland, whose 

calculations were based on a monthly income of 1,500 euros and tax rates for 2001. No other 

tax deductions were made from annual wages than those made by the authorities, and the 

calculations were based on average municipal and church tax rates. 

2 The one exception is that the development of the value of unpaid work from 1980 to 2001 is 

described on the basis of gross wages including employer contributions, because that is what has 

been used in earlier studies (see Table 7). 


Consumption 

Three types of consumption are distinguished in the household satellite account. 

Firstly, there is final consumption, which means the actual using up of a product: 

wearing clothes, eating food. Secondly, there is intermediate consumption, which 

refers to use of the product as part of the production process. Thirdly, 

consumption consists of the capital services produced by the appliances and 

machines required in the production process, i.e. services offered by the means of 

production in question throughout their service life. Capital services consist of 

two items: consumption of fixed capital, i.e. depreciation of machinery and 

equipment, and interest corresponding to the acquisition of capital. Only the 

consumption of fixed capital is included in the Satellite Account. 3 

For the purposes of the Satellite Account consumption of goods and 

services (defined as final consumption in national accounts) were divided into 

three groups: 1) those that are used directly to final consumption; 2) those that 

are used as intermediate consumption goods in household production; and 3) 

those that are used as capital goods in household production (durable and 

semi-durable goods). The principles of product classification are set out in 

Appendix 2 and a detailed classification by principal functions is presented in 

Appendix 3. 

Gross fixed capital formation and consumption 

Household capital goods were defined as durables and semi-durable goods that 

are used in household production. Calculations of capital consumption were 

carried out by Statistics Finland using the Perpetual Inventory Method (PIM), 

with an assumption that consumption is linear. Capital goods, the proportion 

of these goods used in household production and their estimated service lives 

are shown in table 3. 

Estimates of service life are based on expert opinions (e.g. Work Efficiency 

Institute TTS, 4 home appliance repair shops), estimates published in the 

Eurostat methods report (Varjonen et al. 1999) as well as figures used in 

German and UK satellite accounts. The service life for cars is based on average 

scrap age according to Finnish Central Organisation for Motor Trades and 

Repairs statistics in 2002. 

3 In principle it might be possible to consider including interest payable on capital so that the 

value of production calculated on a cost basis would correspond to the value of production 

based on the output method. After all, any normal market operation is expected to produce 

an operating surplus. This can be seen for instance by comparing the purchase of household 

appliances and equipment with leasing and rental values: the sum total of all rental payments 

exceeds the value of the appliances because whoever is renting them out will want to get 

enough money to cover not only the value of the appliances and equipment, but also the 

interest payable on capital; otherwise the operation will not make financial sense. However 

interest payable on capital is excluded from the analysis here, first, because for the time being 

the national accounts do not use it in the measurement of non-market production (although 

discussions are currently underway on the possibility of revising SNA recommendations in this 

respect) and, second, because the determination of the right interest rate is not 

straightforward. 

4 Rytkönen A, Reisbacka A (1995) Kotitalouskoneiden kestoikään vaikuttavat tekijät. 

Työtehoseuran julkaisuja 341. 


Table 3. 

Household capital goods, estimates of service life and proportion allocated 

to household production 

Service life, years 

Percentage 

C05111D Furniture 15 100 

C05112D Garden and other outdoor furniture 10 100 

C05113D Lamps and shades 10 100 

C05114D Art objects 10 100 

C05115D Decorations, mirrors 10 100 

C05120D Carpets and other floor coverings 12 100 

C05311D Ovens, stoves, sauna stoves 15 100 

C05312D Refrigerators and freezers 13 100 

C05313D Washing machines, dishwashers, tumble dryers 12 100 

C05314D Sewing machines 20 100 

C05315D Electric cookers, microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners 15 100 

C05510D Garden appliances, other work appliances 10 100 

C06131D Glasses, contact lenses, prostheses, hearing aids 5 21 

C06132D Other therapeutic appliances and equipment 5 21 

C07110D Motor cars 18 30 

C07120D Motorcycles and snowmobiles 10 30 

C07130D Bicycles 10 30 

C08120D Telecommunication equipment 5 3 

C09111D Radios, sound reproduction equipment, etc. 10 100 

C09112D Televisions and video recorders 10 100 

C09130D Personal computers, calculators and typewriters 5 3 

C05211SD Textiles 10 100 

C05212SD Mattresses 10 100 

C05320SD Small electric household appliances 7 100 

C05411SD Dishes, cooking dishes, etc. 15 100 

C05412SD Table cutlery and cooking utensils 15 100 

C05413SD Other household articles 15 100 

C05521SD Household utensils and tools 10 100 

C05522SD Small electric accessories 10 100 

C09320SD Fishing and hunting equipment 7 100 

C09342SD Pets and pet supplies 8 100 

C12222SD Baby carriages, car seats, back and front carriers, etc. 3 100 

Allocation of eyeglasses, other therapeutic appliances, motor cars, 

motorcycles and bicycles to household production and final consumption is 

based on time-use information. 


Taxes and subsidies on production 

Only a small proportion of charges paid by households to the public sector are 

related to their productive activities. Examples of such charges include the 

annual vehicle tax, real estate tax, dog tax and various fishing and hunting 

licence fees. 

Among the production-related subsidies received by households from the 

public sector are the child homecare allowance and family nursing support. 

These subsidies are paid “as a consequence of engaging in production” 

(European System of Accounts, ESA 1995, 4.36). Figures on these items have 

been obtained from Statistics Finland. Parents’ allowance was also included 

among subsidies on production because it is paid to parents so that they can 

look after their child or children at home rather than taking them to day care. 

The data on parents’ allowance are from the Ministry of Social Affairs and 

Health. No figures were available on care allowances for the disabled in 

distinction from child home care allowances. Therefore they were excluded 

from the Household Satellite Account. 

The purpose of subsidies and allowances is to reduce production costs. 

When the value of output is calculated on a cost basis, subsidies are deducted 

for the calculation of net value added. Value added is thus obtained at factor 

cost and equivalent to the valuation used for market production. 

Integration with other accounts 

The financial significance of household production to households themselves 

can be demonstrated by calculating their “extended individual consumption” 

and “extended disposable income”. The terminology is not yet completely 

established, but it seems that the international literature is leaning towards the 

term “extended” for purposes of showing that household production figures 

have been added to the accounts (Goldschmidt-Clermont & 

Pagnossin-Aligisakis 1995, Household production… 2003, Ironmonger 2003). 

Ultimately what these terms are about is that services produced in households 

are consumed within those same households and therefore they also increase 

household consumption. Accordingly, households produce imputed income 

for themselves by doing it themselves rather than by buying from the 

marketplace. Savings figures also change from those shown in the national 

accounts primarily because household capital goods are transferred from 

consumption to investment. Saving is defined as the part of disposable income 

that is not used up in final consumption, so this transfer pushes up the share of 

saving (see Chapter 7, Appendix 9). 


4.3 Principal functions of household production 

As mentioned before, the Household Satellite Account aims give a meaningful 

overview of household production. For this reason it makes sense to allocate 

the household’s numerous activities to a few core areas. Similar classifications 

are used for the functions of general government, for example (COFOG: 

education, health care, environmental protection, defence, etc.) 5 . The 

international research and education tradition in the field of home economics 

makes a distinction between economic, social and cultural functions of 

households and families. The economic function is further divided between 

productive activities and consumption and saving. The social function deals 

with relationships between household members and their socialisation with 

the surrounding community. The cultural function of households, then, 

consists in the development of household members’ intellectual capacities, the 

maintenance of community values and cultural heritage and handing them 

down from generation to generation (e.g. Blosser-Reisen 1975, Hallman 

1991). 

The Household Satellite Account focuses on the economic function. Since 

the economic, social and cultural functions are in practice closely interwoven, 

the economic component is distinguished from the others using the third party 

criterion. Unpaid work is valued only as an economic activity (if the work were 

done by someone else, how much would it be worth); any other objectives 

embedded in this activity are ignored, as whether unpaid work is liked or not 

(Goldschmidt-Clermont 1994). 

Analyses of economic functions in the household sector have traditionally 

applied an activity-based classification. Classifications applied in time use 

surveys are based on this same tradition as far as unpaid work is concerned. 

Even before EU-harmonised classification, domestic work in time use surveys 

included the following activities: providing meals, family and childcare, sewing 

and care of clothes, housing-related activities as well as shopping and 

management. Housing-related activities have been grouped in various ways, 

but most classifications include cleaning, repairs and gardening. Travel related 

to unpaid work is rarely mentioned separately; it is obviously included in the 

activity that it serves (see Kilpiö 1981, 68-69) 6 . On the basis of this tradition 

the principal functions of household production were developed (Ironmonger 

1997 and Varjonen et. al. 1999). Similar description of household production 

has been used in the UK, Basque and Hungarian household satellite accounts 

as well as in calculating the value of unpaid work in New Zealand and 

Australia. 

5 The Classification of the Functions of Government, COFOG, is used for describing economic 

activities in the public sector. The classification is included in the United Nations System of 

National accounts (SNA) 1993. 

6 The classifications described by Kilpiö were drawn from the following studies: Cowles & Dietz 

1956, Oinonen 1973, Walker & Woods 1976, Robinson 1977, Konsumentverket 1977. 


The principal functions of household production are illustrated in Table 4. 

The underlying premise for the definition of these functions was that the 

services are needed for the well-being of household members. It was also 

considered important that services corresponding to the function have 

equivalent market services available. Volunteer work differs from ordinary 

household production in that the services produced are consumed in another 

household. However since it is an unpaid and value-generating activity, it is 

included in the accounts under a separate category. Furthermore, shopping, 

services and transportation as well as vehicle maintenance are also included. 

Travel related to unpaid work is linked with the function to which it serves. In 

the same way, shopping and services usually have to do with housing, 

providing meals, clothing or care, or with leisure needs, and they are allocated 

to the area of household production that they serve. 

Table 4 provides an overview of the content of each principal function. 

More detailed descriptions and the calculation methods are presented after 

Tables 4 and 5. 

Productive activities included in the core national accounts are shown in 

italics. 

Table 4. 

Principal functions of household production 

Main activity 

Providing housing 

Purchase ofhousing. 

Own-account 

construction and 

renovation of 

dwelling. 

Providing meals 

and snacks 

Growing 

foodstuffs, 

picking berries, 

mushrooms, 

etc., hunting and 

fishing. 

Providing 

clothing and 

clothing care 

Production of 

clothing. 

Providing care 

Childcare. 

Volunteer 

work 

Neighbourly 

help. 

Decorating, cleaning 

and maintaining 

dwelling, 

maintenance of yard, 

gardening. 

Preparing meals 

and snacks. 

Washing and 

ironing clothes. 

Care of adults in 

need of help. 

Voluntary 

work in 

organisations 

Shopping 

Travel and 

transportation 

Vehicle 

maintenance 


management 

Small repairs and 

renovations. 

Purchases related 

to renovating, 

maintaining and 

cleaning dwelling. 

Travel related to 

acquisition and 

maintenance of 

dwelling. 

Baking, 

preserving. 

Buying groceries. 

Buying 

appliances and 

utensils for 

cooking. 


buying groceries. 

Repairing 

clothes and 

other care. 

Buying clothes, 

buying 

materials and 

equipment for 

making clothes 

and their care. 

Buying shoes. 


buying clothes 

and their care. 

Caring for pets. 

Buying equipment 

related to 

childcare and 

caring for adults 

in need of help. 

Transporting 

children and 

adults in need of 

help to care, 

hobbies, etc. 

Travel 

related to 

volunteer 

work. 

Planning and organising activities, services, banking, etc, apply to all principal functions. 


Travel and services related to household production and the planning and 

organisation of activities were allocated to different principal functions as 

illustrated in Table 5. This was based on data from the Time Use Survey where 

travel related to different functions and time spent in buying perishables and 

other goods are reported separately. 

Table 5. 

Breakdown of time spent in shopping and services, travel related to unpaid work, 

planning and organisation by principal functions, % 

Housing and 

maintenance 

Meals 

and 

snacks 

Clothing 


clothing 

care 

Care, 

children 


adults 

Volunteer 

work 

Total 

% 

Mean 

(range), min/ 

household/ 

day 

Shopping and services 

(not travel) 36 40 12 12 – 100 42 

(21–77) 

Travel related to unpaid 

work and transportation 2931 13 12 15 100 40 

(16–75) 

Household management 25 25 25 25 – 100 4 

(2–9) 

Time spent in shopping and services was not separately allocated to 

volunteer work because it was already classified as part of that function in time 

use data; the same applies to the planning and organisation of volunteer work. 

By contrast travel time related to volunteer work was classified separately. 

Providing housing 

Housing is the most diverse of the principal functions considered here. In 

principle every household is thought to have a dwelling-place, a sanctuary 

where the household members can live and relax. In practice, housing consists 

of a wide range of different activities that are carried out in a space called a 

dwelling. Part of the production of housing services is included in the core 

national accounts; “housing services produced by owner-occupiers” and 

“own-account house construction”. Housing services comprise the dwelling in 

the condition in which it is normally rented, i.e. unfurnished but including 

fitted fixtures. Non-SNA production includes all other equipment related to 

housing, its acquisition and own-account maintenance, in other words 

furnishings, maintenance, cleaning and minor repairs. Gardening and yard 

maintenance are also included in housing. Housing production is understood in 

the Satellite Account in a broad sense as including the production of comfort 

and everything that facilitates all the various activities that take place in 

homes. Furniture, ordinary art objects, textiles and televisions etc. are 

therefore included in housing as capital goods (Appendix 3). Only goods 

related to hobbies are excluded. 


There are market equivalents to housing services produced for own use. 

Staying in a hotel is perhaps the most complete equivalent, but there are also 

partial equivalents. Builders and cleaners can be hired to do the maintenance 

work and gardeners to do gardening. Even interior decoration is sometimes 

being outsourced, although that is still comparatively rare. 

Figures describing SNA housing have been drawn from the core national 

accounts. These items are calculated on the basis of output. Housing services 

produced by owner-occupiers are valued according to the rents of equivalent 

rented accommodation. The compilation of satellite accounts grants a certain 

freedom to adjust and modify concepts, and that discretion has been exercised 

in the case of taxes on production. Real estate tax was defined as a production 

tax in housing, even though the core national accounts place it under other 

direct taxes. In the allocation of figures from the core national accounts 

between different households types, we referred to the corresponding items of 

the Household Budget Survey (imputed housing costs). The categories 

corresponding to the intermediate consumption goods, depreciation of 

owner-occupied housing and imputed net rents used in the calculation of SNA 

housing services, are shown in Appendix 5. 

Own-account house construction is valued in accordance with Statistics 

Finland’s definition as follows 7 : “The value added of own-account construction 

is derived from imputed working hours in own-account construction and from 

the hourly wage in building construction, excluding employer’s social 

insurance contributions and ancillary wage costs. The share of intermediate 

consumption is estimated at 65 per cent. Since no employees’ compensation 

and no consumption of fixed capital is calculated for own-account 

consumption, value added comes out at 35 per cent of output. The output of 

own-account construction is the sum of value added and intermediate 

consumption.” Own-account house construction was not divided between 

different household types because no relevant classification criteria were 

available. Therefore the figure appears only in tables for the whole country. 

Non-SNA housing, then, is valued using the input method (by summing up 

the costs). SNA housing and non-SNA housing are reported separately. 

Travel related to housing is calculated as a proportion of all travel related to 

unpaid work using the formula based on time use data. In the same way part of 

shopping and services are allocated to housing (see Table 5). 

Providing meals and snacks 

This function refers to the preparation of meals and snacks that are consumed 

within the household. In other words, the output of the service is clearly 

visible and tangible. This principal function also includes production that is 

covered in the core national accounts (SNA food) and production that is 

excluded from these accounts (non-SNA food). SNA food in the Satellite 

Account includes agricultural production for own use, thus, in addition to 

farmers’ production of vegetables, fruits etc. for own consumption, also other 

products grown in gardens and allotments for personal use. Also included is 

7 Tilastokeskus: Kansantalouden tilinpidon menetelmäkuvaus, s 76, 2003 


food obtained through hunting, fishing, mushroom and berry picking, and 

consumed in the household. These data are compiled by Statistics Finland. As 

in the case of housing, some tax-like charges such as fishing and hunting 

licence fees were allocated as taxes on production to SNA food. 

Non-SNA food includes the production of meals and snacks, baking, 

preserving and related activities, such as buying groceries and other acquisition 

of appliances and utensils for the preparation of food. 

Market equivalents to providing meals and snack at home, include 

restaurant and other meal services, snacks, takeaway meals, as well as food 

available from kiosks. Ready-to-eat foods such as ice creams, crisps and sweets 

are defined in the Satellite Account as final consumption goods available in the 

market. Prepared meals from shops are also regarded as final consumption 

goods, even though some of them need to be heated before they can be 

consumed. Heating requires energy and a suitable appliance, such as a 

microwave oven, which is why prepared meals should in principle be classified 

as intermediate consumption goods. However the interpretation adopted in 

this Satellite Account is that they are generally perceived as ready-to-eat meals 

and therefore are not included in the household production. A detailed 

classification is presented in Appendix 3. 

Food included in and food excluded from the core accounts are recorded 

separately in the Satellite Account. 

Providing clothing and clothing care 

Clothing production comprises both the manufacture of garments and their 

care. Clothing production in Finnish households is very rare. Most clothes are 

bought ready-made from shops: in the Household Satellite Account, therefore, 

provision of clothing consists mainly of the amount of time and money spent 

in searching, selecting and buying clothes. 

The care of clothing, on the other hand, is primarily undertaken by 

households. This comprises washing, ironing or mangling and the repair of 

clothes. Market equivalent services include laundry services and clothing repair 

services (Appendix 3). Providing clothing consists exclusively of non-SNA 

production as the core national accounts do not include own-account 

production of clothing or its care. 

Providing care 

Caregiving is divided between childcare and the care of adults who require 

help, such as the disabled and the frail elderly. It consists of looking after 

children or adults who are in need of care, which primarily means assuming 

responsibility for these people’s welfare and security. Equivalent market 

services include day care services for children provided privately or by the local 

authorities, organised playground activities and other similar services. Elderly 

care includes the services of day care centres and nursing homes (Appendix 3). 

Production related to the care of a household member is not included as 

such in the national accounts. The home care of an own child or an adult in 

need of help is supported by means of parents’ allowances, home care 

allowances and family nursing support. In the Satellite Account these 


allowances are taken into account in the form of subsidies on production, 

which reduces the net value added of care. 

The same concept of care may also be applied to caring for a pet. Opinions 

are bound to differ on whether or not the care of pets amounts to production 

that should be included in the Household Satellite Account. One argument in 

favour of its inclusion is that the care of pets can be delegated to another 

person, i.e. it meets the criterion of productive activity and it is unpaid. Once 

they have been brought into household, pets cannot be left without care. The 

output also has a market equivalent in the services offered by kennels and pet 

boarding services, which will look after animals while their owners are away on 

holiday. There are also dog-walking services. 

The exclusion of pet care, on the other hand, might be justified by 

reference to the fact that the care of animals is not as necessary to the need 

satisfaction of household members as the housing, feeding, clothing and care of 

family members. Having animals may be regarded as a hobby that can be 

discontinued if for instance the household has difficulties keeping the pet. 

However the decision was made to include the care of pets in the Satellite 

Account as a separate principal function. It is a productive activity that can be 

outsourced. Furthermore, the amount of time involved in pet care is not 

insignificant, and it also seems that market production surrounding pet care is 

on the increase (e.g. animal food and supplies, pet boarding facilities, animal 

hospitals). The care of animals included in the Satellite Account is the unpaid 

care of an own dog, cat or other animals. The care of farm animals is not 

included in the Satellite Account because that meets the criterion of market 

production. Walking dogs is often associated with the owner’s physical 

exercise. For this reason dog care is limited to “compulsory” 10-minute walks 

at a time. Time spent beyond that is defined in the Time Use Survey as a 

leisure activity, which is not included in the Satellite Account. 

Volunteer work 

Volunteering is unpaid labour for the benefit of another household or 

organisation. It does therefore not count as production for own use, which 

otherwise is the leading criterion in the Satellite Account. However since it is 

unpaid, volunteer work is not recorded and remains invisible in so far as it is 

not included in the core national accounts. Volunteering that is aimed at the 

production of goods is included in the core national accounts. Building of a 

church by volunteers provides an example of this. 

A distinction can be made between informal help or neighbourly help, 

which in practice may consist of childcare, preparing meals, running errands 

etc. on behalf of a friend or relative. On the other hand, volunteer work may 

consist of community help, such as handing out food aid or voluntary work at a 

youth club. All these are included under the function of volunteer work. 

Volunteer work, by definition, cannot be produced as a market commodity. 

When someone is hired to do voluntary work, it automatically becomes regular 

wage labour. 


5 Value ofhousehold production 

5.1 SNA and non-SNA household production 

Value ofproduction 

In 2001 the value of household production (total output) in Finland was 81.6 

billion euros, of which 12.7 billion euros were included in the core national 

accounts (Appendix 6). At the same time the total output of Finland’s 

economy stood at 256.9 billion euros. The elements of household production 

are described in Table 6. 

Table 6. 

Elements of household production and their value in 2001, million euros 

SNA, 

million euros 

non-SNA, 

million euros 

Total, 

million euros 

Value of labour (working hours x hourly wage of 

9.99 euros) . 52 355 52 355 

Paid domestic staff 69. 69 

Housing services produced by owner occupiers, 

net mixed income 4 270 . 4 270 

Own-account house construction 632 . 632 

Agricultural produce for own use, fishing, hunting 

and berry picking, net mixed income 91 . 91 

Taxes on production 140 56 196 

Subsidies on production . –704 –704 

Net value added 5 202 51 708 56 910 

Consumption of fixed capital 3 095 2 839 5 934 

Gross value added 8 297 54 547 62 844 

Intermediate consumption 4 432 14 312 18 744 

Output 12 730 68 859 81 588 

Gross fixed capital formation 3 979 3 828 7 807 

Time spent in production, million hours . 5 241 . 

The gross value added of household production was 62.8 billion euros, of 

which 8.3 billion euros (13%) was included in the core national accounts. In 

2001 the national accounts gross value added was 135.5 billion euros, so 

non-SNA household production accounted for 40 per cent of GDP. 

Percentages can be calculated in different ways depending on the concept 

of economy to which household production is compared. This is illustrated in 

the figures below. If household production is examined against national 

accounts GDP, its share is just under half or 46 per cent. 


Of which: 

GDP (exclusive 

of household production) is 

127.2 billion euros 

GDP in national accounts 


100% 


included in GDP is 


6.1% 


not included in GDP is 


40.3% 

Household production as a proportion of GDP 46.4% 

If household production is compared to GDP exclusive of household production, 

the figure is about one-half or 49.4%. 

If we work with the extended concept of economy that includes household 

production, the results are rather different. In this case household production 

accounts for one-third or 33.1% of the national economy. 

Extended GDP 


100% 

GDP 

(exclusive of household production) 



included in GDP 



not included in GDP 


66.9% 

4.4% 

28.7% 

33.1% 

Which of these two methods is better? If we wanted to know what were to 

happen to the current GDP if large segments of household production were 

taken over by market production, the first approach would probably be the 

better option (see Appendix 9, Table 4). If, on the other hand, household 

production is seen as an integral part of the extended economy, then the latter 

approach gives a more accurate picture. In general, the value of household 

production has been compared against national accounts GDP figures, not 

against the extended economy. 


Structure ofproduction 

The focus in the discussions below is on the structure of production. The 

structure of production indicates the level of interrelationship between 

household and market economies. Shifts from households to market economy 

and vice versa are shown in shares of labour and intermediate or capital 

consumption. The shifts between household and market sectors are also, of 

course, shown in proportions of market-produced final consumption products 

vs. household-produced products. We will discuss these issues further in the 

text. 

Figure 1 illustrates the structural differences between SNA and non-SNA 

household production. SNA production appears to be far more 

capital-intensive than non-SNA production. This is no surprise in view of the 

emphasis in households on service production, which requires less capital than 

goods production. SNA production is comprised mostly of housing services of 

owner-occupiers. There, the consumption of fixed capital means the same as 

depreciation of owner-occupied housing. Costs incurred from the repair of 

dwellings and the raw materials and services of housing production show up in 

intermediate consumption goods and services, which account for just over 

one-third of the value of output. 

Figure 1. 

Structure of SNA and non-SNA household production 

SNA household production 

Non-SNA household production 

Intermediate 

consumption 

35% 

Consumption of 

fixed capital 

24% 

Intermediate 

consumption 

21% 

Net value added 

41% 


fixed capital 

4% 


75% 

The most decisive factor of production in non-SNA household production 

is labour. Childcare and the care of adults is particularly labour intensive. The 

structure of non-SNA household production is rather similar to that in the 

service sector in general. 


Change in the value ofhousehold production 1980–2001 

The value of unpaid work has been measured in Finland in the Housework 

Study of 1980 (Säntti et al. 1981) and in Statistics Finland’s publication of the 

value of household production in 1990 (Vihavainen 1995). The following 

compares the estimates produced in these studies with the results of the 

present research and looks at how they compare with the respective GDP 

figures. 

The 1980 Housework Study (Säntti et al. 1982) measured the value of 

unpaid work using the same principles as are applied in the Satellite Account. 

Unpaid work was defined in the same way, and data on time use were 

collected among household members over 10 years of age in spring 1979. The 

value of labour was determined on the basis of the home helper’s wage, 

including employer’s social insurance contributions. This value of labour came 

out at 77.8 billion marks, or around 13 billion euros. However this figure does 

not include SNA housing services produced by owner-occupiers. 

In Statistics Finland’s calculations in 1990 the value of labour was 232.5 

billion marks, which translates into 39 billion euros. The value of labour was 

determined on the basis of the home helper’s wage plus employer’s social 

insurance contributions. This calculation gave an hourly wage of FIM 51, or 

around 8.5 euros. The figure includes non-SNA production only. 

It is not possible to produce figures for 2001 that are fully comparable with 

these earlier results. Calculations in 2001 used the hourly wage for a generalist 

housekeeper/ home helper, which in relative terms was higher at 9.99 euros 

(and increasing to 11.99 euros when employer contributions were added). In 

1990 the calculations only included unpaid work done by persons aged 15 or 

over, whereas in 2001 they covered persons aged 10 or over. Furthermore, the 

2001 figures include SNA production, in where the value of housing services 

(net mixed income) is 4.3 billion euros. 

In order to improve the comparability of labour value calculations in 

different years, the figures for 2001 in Table 7 only include the value of 

non-SNA labour, and the value of labour includes the employer’s social 

insurance contributions as in previous calculations. The value of labour is 

indicated as a proportion of GDP. 8 

Table 7. Value of unpaid work and its share of GDP in 1980, 1990 and 2001 

1980 1990 2001 

Hourly wage, euros 2.28 8.53 11.99 

Value of unpaid work, million euros 13,092 39,097 62,826 

Unpaid work as a proportion of GDP, % 41.7 45.1 46.4 

8 In 1980 the value of unpaid work was FIM 13.53/hour, amounting to FIM 77,841.7 million 

for the whole national economy, or 41.7 per cent of preliminary GDP (Säntti et al. 1982, 

61-62). In 1990 the value of unpaid work was FIM 50.71/hour, amounting to a national figure 

of FIM 232,459 million. (Vihavainen 1995, 16) 


In other calculations shown in this report, the value of labour is determined 

on the basis of gross hourly wages excluding employer’s social insurance 

contributions. In that case unpaid work accounts for 39 per cent of GDP. If 

work done by children aged 10–14 were added to the 1990 figures, the GDP 

proportion would be around 46 per cent. In spite of minor differences in the 

calculations, we may observe that there are only minor, but positive, changes 

in the extent of household production in comparison with the rest of the 

economy. 

The Finnish result, which shows minor positive change in the value of 

unpaid work as a proportion of GDP from 1990 to 2001, is in sharp contrast to 

international trends. Although the absolute value of unpaid work has gone up 

in all countries, many have reported a decrease in its share of GDP over the 

past ten years. This suggests that the growth of other production has outpaced 

household production, or that wages in jobs equivalent to unpaid work have 

developed more slowly than other wages. In Germany the value of unpaid 

work as a proportion of GDP in 1992 was 52 per cent, in 2001 the figure was 

down to 48 per cent (net wages). In the Basque Country, correspondingly, the 

figures were 49 per cent in 1993, 39 per cent in 1998 and 33 per cent in 2003. 

In Australia, the value of unpaid work in 1992 was 51 per cent and in 1997 43 

per cent of the country’s GDP (Schäfer 2004, Basque Statistics Office 2004, 

Trewin 2000). 

One possible reason why the value added of household production in 

Finland has changed relatively little is that the proportion of people out of 

work and outside the labour force has increased sharply from 1990 to 2001. It 

has been discovered that unemployed persons do more unpaid work than 

those in wage employment. Another possible explanation is that in the 

countries just mentioned, women moved into wage employment in greater 

numbers in the 1990s than was the case in Finland, where the corresponding 

change happened earlier. 

The structure of production has changed somewhat. Although calculations 

for 1990 and 2001 are not fully comparable, it is interesting to examine the 

relationship between labour, the consumption of fixed capital and 

intermediate consumption. 

Structure of production in non-SNA production, % of total output 

1990 2001 

Value of labour 76.4 74.2 

Taxes minus subsidies – 0.9 

Consumption of fixed capital 2.2 4.1 

Intermediate consumption 21.4 20.8 

Value of output 100.0 100.0 


In the period from 1990 to 2001, the share of labour in household production 

has decreased and the share of fixed capital consumption has increased by a 

couple of percentage points. This might suggest that households have invested 

in machinery and equipment in order to reduce the amount of unpaid work. 

The figures are not fully comparable, however. In 2001, the household capital 

also included semi-durable goods, which in 1990 were placed under the 

heading of intermediate consumption. There are also other differences in how 

purchased products are divided between intermediate consumption, capital 

goods and final consumption goods. In 1990, taxes and subsidies were not 

taken into account. When the figures for 2001 are so revised that semi-durable 

goods are added to intermediate consumption and the corresponding reduction 

is made to the consumption of fixed capital, the share of intermediate 

consumption rises to 22 per cent and the consumption of fixed capital drops 

back to 3 per cent. 

The structure of production is probably quite slow to change because novel 

household appliances that radically reduce the amount of unpaid work do not 

appear in the market very often. Examples of such appliances are the 

automatic washing machine, which began to gain ground in the 1970s, and the 

microwave oven some ten years later. Another factor contributing to the slow 

pace of change is that people are slow to change their habits and routines. 

Sometimes it may take a whole generation for new customs to develop. The 

increasing use of purchased services might be the next major step towards a 

reduced level of unpaid work. In 2001, such services still had only marginal 

significance (Varjonen et al. 2005). 

5.2 Household production by principal 

function 

Providing housing is the biggest single function in households. This may reflect 

the need of solid housing in Finland’s harsh weather. Also, one in four 

households have a summer cottage as secondary dwelling, many of which have 

lately been equipped so that they can be used all year round 

(Melasniemi-Uutela 2004). The second biggest function is the production of 

meals and snacks. Clothing, care and volunteer work each amount to no more 

than around one-fifth of production in the former two categories, and the care 

of pets is the smallest function. Compared to 1980, the provision of meals and 

snacks as a proportion of total household production has decreased, while the 

share of housing has increased (Varjonen & Aalto 2005). 

The total output of housing services is pushed up by the consumption of 

fixed capital (depreciation of housing as well as home furnishings and 

equipment) and intermediate consumption, a large proportion of which 

consists of rents paid, repairs and heating. Care of children and adults seems to 

account for a relatively modest part of total household production if 

considered against the media attention it attracts. However, the true value of 

care is greater than indicated by the figures shown here since only childcare 

and care of adults reported as a primary activity are included. The inclusion of 

care as a secondary activity would double the value of output. Moreover, the 

care of elderly parents who live in their own households is defined as “helping 


Figure 2. 

Household production by principal function 

Million euros 

40,000 

35,000 

30,000 

25,000 

Intermediate consumption 

Consumption of fixed capital 


20,000 

15,000 

10,000 

5,000 

0 

Housing Meals Clothing Care Pets Volunteer work 

another household” and is shown in “volunteer work”. The discussion below 

looks at each principal function and the structure of production within these 

functions in closer detail. 

Housing 

SNA housing 

Housing consists of two items that are included in the national accounts – 

“housing services produced by owner-occupiers” and “own-account 

construction of dwellings” The output of housing services produced by 

owner-occupiers is determined in the core accounts on the basis of the market 

rents of corresponding dwellings. The value of these services was 10.7 billion 

euros. The output consists of three roughly equal items, i.e. net value added 

(41%), consumption of fixed capital (29%) and intermediate consumption 

(31%) (Figure 3). The figure for intermediate consumption includes items that 

belong to the maintenance and repair of buildings. Water charges are also 

included in the imputed rent in the core national accounts. Here, by contrast, 

part of the water charges are allocated to nutrition and washing clothes and 

roughly two-thirds to intermediate consumption in housing. 

The net mixed income (net value added) includes also real estate tax as 

well as wages paid by households (for a cleaner etc.) These items reduce the 

net mixed income when compared to the figures shown in the core national 

accounts. In the national accounts, interests on mortgages are included in 

income transfers paid. Owner-occupiers paid a total of 1,337 million euros in 

such interests. 

The output of own-account house construction at 1.8 billion euros consists 

primarily of intermediate consumption (65%) and to a lesser extent of net 

value added. 


Non-SNA housing 

Housing services excluded from the core national accounts comprise interior 

decoration, maintenance and cleaning, gardening and yard maintenance. The 

value of non-SNA housing services was 21.3 billion euros. Travel, shopping 

and services allocated to housing add a further 4.7 billion euros to this figure. 

They account for almost one-fifth of non-SNA housing production. Although 

travel and services are placed in their entirety under non-SNA housing, in 

reality part of them serve production that is included in the national accounts. 

For example, the own-account construction of a house involves a large number 

of acquisitions and a lot of transportation. 

Figure 3 shows SNA housing production and non-SNA housing 

production; travel and services related to housing is furthermore presented 

separately for the latter. Overall, non-SNA housing production is more 

labour-intensive than SNA production. The total value of housing services and 

own-account construction is over 38 billion euros. 

Figure 3. 

Own-account production of housing services, value and structure 

Million euros 

25,000 

20,000 

15,000 




10,000 

5,000 

0 

SNA production Non-SNA production Travel and services 

Meals and snacks 

SNA food 

The production of meals and snacks comprises both SNA and non-SNA 

production. SNA production includes the production of agricultural and 

garden produce as well as the output of fishing, hunting, mushroom and berry 

picking. The sum total is relatively modest at no more than 0.2 billion euros. In 

the national accounts SNA food production is calculated using the output 

method. Felled elk, fish catches, berry harvests, vegetables grown etc. are 

valued at factor costs (without taxes). Neither intermediate consumption nor 

consumption of fixed capital have been subtracted from output, so the value 

of output is equal to net value added. 


In the Satellite Account, however, such items as garden soils, seeds and 

fertilizers as well as fishing and hunting supplies are placed under the heading 

of intermediate consumption. Fishing and hunting equipment, for its part, is 

recorded under capital goods. Fishing and hunting licence fees have been 

treated as taxes on production; these have been transferred to the production 

account from income transfers paid by households. When these items are 

taken into consideration, the mixed income category remains rather small and 

in some types of households is even negative – which goes to show that fishing 

and hunting are indeed above all leisure activities. In this case it is easy for 

people to accept that the costs can be higher than the output. (See Appendix 

7, p.1,4,7) 

Figure 4 illustrates the structure of SNA and non-SNA food production. 

The Figure illustrating non-SNA food production shows not only the various 

production elements, but also groceries shopping and related travel, which can 

be seen as a separate but necessary ancillary activity in the provision of meals. 

It accounts for 21 per cent of the total value of output. It includes the amount 

of time spent in groceries shopping and the corresponding proportion of the 

running costs of cars and other vehicles. The reason it is presented separately 

here as well as in the following structural figures is so that the share of this 

activity in each principal function can be demonstrated. The activity is here 

included under non-SNA production, even though part if it also serves SNA 

production. Fishing, hunting and berry picking trips usually require a car. 

Figure 4. 

Own-account production of meals and snacks, value and structure 

SNA-food: Production of 

ingredients for meals for own use, 

220 million euros 

Intermediate 

consumption 

34% 


fixed capital 

16% 

Net value 

added 

50% 

Shopping and 

related travel 

21% 

Intermediate 

consumption 

24% 

Non-SNA-food: 

Production of meals and snacks, 

23 billion euros 


fixed capital 

2% 

Net value 

added 

53% 


Non-SNA food 

The output of non-SNA meals production amounts to 23 billion, which is 

around 100 times more than SNA food. It includes provision of meals and 

snacks in households. 

Consumption of fixed capital accounts for a much smaller proportion of 

non-SNA food than SNA food, no more than a couple of per cent. Although 

households use a wide range of household appliances as well as cookware and 

serving dishes, these are relatively durable and consumption is therefore spread 

out across several years. 

The preparation of meals requires a large amount of intermediate 

consumption goods. One-quarter of household electricity consumption and 

one-fifth of water consumption are allocated to the preparation of meals and 

snacks (Appendix 8). For purchased foods it has been necessary to make a 

distinction between foods used as ingredients in meal preparation, on the one 

hand, and foods that are ready to eat, i.e. final consumption goods, on the 

other. The boundary line is not always watertight. In some households some 

products may be eaten as snacks without any processing, in others they are 

used as ingredients in the preparation of meals. In the Satellite Account more 

than one-half of foods were defined as final consumption goods, which means 

that they can either be consumed as such as snacks, or they constitute a meal 

in their own right. However there are some foods that are both consumed as 

such and used as ingredients in production (e.g. milk, fruit). In the absence of 

detailed information, these foods are classified so that one food in the group 

has been chosen to represent one or the other category. For example, non-fat 

milk has been chosen to represent milk as a final consumption good, while 

other types of milk are classified as intermediate consumption goods. As for 

fruit, apples have been chosen to represent all the various fruits that are used 

in cooking or baking as intermediate consumption goods, and other fruits 

represent final consumption goods. (See the list of foods and their allocation to 

intermediate and final consumption in Appendix 3). 

Figure 5. 

Value of meals and beverages by mode of production 

Eating out, 

ready-to-eat 

foods 

17% 

Meals, snacks and drinks, 

total 32.2 billion euros 

Alcoholic beverages 

11% 

Own production 

57% 



15% 


The eating of snacks has become increasingly common, and for this reason 

it was considered necessary that these products should be identified as final 

consumption goods. Also all alcoholic beverages are defined as final 

consumption goods, although sometimes they are also used as ingredients to 

prepare mixed drinks, and in some households wine and beer are an integral 

part of meals. In the UK and Germany, all dairy products and fruits were 

defined as intermediate consumption goods, but bread and some vegetables 

(French fries) were classified as final consumption goods (Household 

production… 2003). In other words there may be country differences here 

that have to do with different food cultures. 

It is important to remind here that in the input method, the number of 

intermediate consumption products does not affect the amount of value 

added, which is the sum of labour, capital and taxes on production minus 

subsidies. Intermediate consumption goods are, however, included in the value 

of the total output. 

Results indicate that eating out and ready-to-eat foods still play a fairly 

limited role in the meal management of Finnish families. Figure 5 shows the 

values of the meals, snacks and alcoholic beverages consumed by households in 

percentage terms including the consumption of household-produced meals 

(SNA and non-SNA food). Shopping and related travel for the acquisition of 

meals is shown separately. The relative proportions of final consumption goods 

and intermediate consumption goods are discussed also in Chapter 6. 

Clothing and clothing care 

Clothing care includes washing, ironing, repairs, etc. The home production of 

clothes is very rare. In 2003 Kristiina Aalto reported that less than 3 per cent 

of women in Finland made clothes for themselves or household members on a 

regular basis, and 7 per cent produced textiles, sharply down on earlier figures 

(Aalto 2003, Niemi & Pääkkönen 2001). Most purchases now are for 

ready-to-wear clothes, which is reflected in shopping, services and travel 

accounting for a large proportion of production (Figure 6). Overall the share of 

intermediate consumption goods is rather low. One-fifth of it consists of 

energy and water consumption. Laundry accounts for 14 per cent of 

households’ water consumption and for just over 4 per cent of electricity 

consumption (Appendix 8). 

In 2001 people in Finland spent a total of 9.3 billion euros on clothing and 

clothing care. Almost three-quarters or 71 per cent of this was attributable to 

own production. Figure 7 shows how the overall consumption of clothing and 

clothing care breaks down between own household production and the 

purchase of clothes and related services. Own production consists mainly of 

washing and other care of clothes, while services purchased from market 

producers consist of ready-to-wear clothes and laundry services. Shopping and 

travel account for one-fifth. 


Figure 6. 

Own-account production of clothing and clothing care, value and structure 



30% 

Clothing and clothing care, 


Intermediate 

consumption 

5% 


64% 


fixed capital 

1% 

Figure 7. 

Total value of clothing and clothing care by mode of production 

Ready-to-wear 

clothes and 

laundry services 

29% 

Clothing and clothing care, 

total 9.3 billion euros 

Own production 

50% 



21% 


Care ofchildren and adults 

Childcare and the care of adults who are in need of help involve not only 

physical assistance in personal care, but also social interaction and the 

provision of security. Other aspects of care include transportation to health 

care, day care or other services. 

The value of care produced at home amounts to 5.3 billion euros a year. 

Care provision in households has been supported from the public purse by 

care allowances worth a total of 704 million euros. These allowances include 

the home care allowance, family nursing support and parents’ allowance 

(excluding maternity and paternity allowance). In the Satellite Account these 

allowances have been deducted from value added, which following this 

deduction amounts to 4.9 billion euros. 

Figure 8 illustrates the structure of care provision. As is the case with care 

provision in general, the care provided by households is highly 

labour-intensive. The only capital goods allocated to care are baby carriages, 

car seats, etc. Beds and other furniture needed in the provision of care and for 

living in general are allocated in their entirety to housing. Likewise, food 

consumed by the care recipient is allocated to meals and snacks. 

Children’s toys and books, nappies and various babycare supplies and 

accessories are allocated to intermediate consumption. Driving children to day 

care or hobbies is placed under the heading of transportation. This accounts 

for almost one-fifth of the total value of output. 

The provision of services in lieu of the care provided by households rests 

mainly with the public sector. 

Figure 8. 

Care of children and adults, value and structure 

Shopping, services 

and travel to care 

22% 

Care of children and adults, 


Intermediate 

consumption 

4% 


fixed capital 

1% 


73% 


Caring for pets 

Earlier studies have not reported the care of pets separately because this has 

been considered a marginal activity or one comparable to a leisure pursuit or 

hobby. This is not, however, a warranted comparison because the decision to 

have a pet in the household entails a commitment to the animal’s welfare. 

According to the interview data collected for the Time Use Survey, one in five 

households in Finland have at least one dog and almost one in six (16%) report 

that they have one or more cats. No data were available on the amount of time 

that people spend in shopping and services related to their pets, and therefore 

this has not been distinguished from other shopping time. In practice, taking 

an animal to the vet is included in the share of labour. Therefore all trips 

related to care were allocated to the provision of care to children and adults 

rather than to pets. The one exception here was single-person households, 

where trips that were reported as being related to care were allocated to caring 

for pets. However since animals are transported to the veterinary clinic, to 

shows etc. by car or other vehicles, this share of transport vehicle consumption 

and intermediate consumption goods and services is allocated to this principal 

function in proportion to the amount of time spent caring for pets. 

Pet food and supplies and veterinary expenses are included in intermediate 

consumption goods and services. Pets themselves and equipment for pets were 

regarded as household capital. 

Figure 9. 

Care of pets, value and structure 

Caring for pets, 



11% 

Shopping, services 

and travel 

3% 


fixed capital 

1% 


85% 



As the name implies, volunteer work consists primarily of labour. No 

intermediate consumption is allocated to this principal function because 

ordinarily the recipient will cover the immediate costs incurred from volunteer 

work. Travel and transportation costs, on the other hand, have been allocated 

to volunteer work as reported in the Time Use Survey 

Figure 10. Volunteer work, value and structure 

Travel, transportation 

and services 

27% 

Volunteer work, 


Labour 

73% 

Travel and services related to unpaid work 

It is interesting, finally, to look at shopping, services and travel that are related 

to housework. They account for a considerable proportion of production in all 

principal functions. This highlights the dependence of household production 

on market production as well as the amount of time and money that have to be 

invested in this interaction. Shopping, services and travel related to unpaid 

work account for one-fifth of total non-SNA household production. In Figure 

11, shopping and services are presented separately from related travel, even 

though the notion of “shopping” is usually understood as comprising travel to 

the shops as well. Travel time to the shops accounts for over one-half of all 

travel, while volunteer work, the transportation of children and adults and the 

vehicle maintenance account for the other half. 

The value of travel and transportation related to unpaid work is 8.5 billion 

euros, of which labour accounts for almost 80 per cent. According to the Time 

Use Survey housework related travel accounts for about one-third of total 

travel time. One-third of the costs from running a car and other vehicles (fuel, 

maintenance and service costs), the consumption of fixed capital and vehicle 

tax are also allocated to unpaid work travel. 


Figure 11. Shopping and travel related to unpaid work, value and structure 

Million euros 

9,000 

8,000 Intermediate consumption 


7,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2 000 

1,000 

0 


Taxes 

Value of labour 

Travel related to unpaid work 

The value of production related to shopping and services totals 5.8 billion 

euros, with labour accounting for 95 per cent of that figure. Intermediate 

consumption items in shopping and services include bank service charges, a 

small proportion of postal and telephone charges, short bus rides and Internet 

costs. Based on an expert opinion, the decision was made to allocate three per 

cent of these costs to household production. The same three per cent of the 

consumption of telephones and PCs, which were treated as capital goods, was 

allocated to household production. 

Figure 12. Total time spent in principal functions, min/household/day 

Min /household /day 

120 

100 

80 

60 

Management and planning 


Travel related to housework 

Main activity 

40 

20 

0 



Shopping, services and travel related to unpaid work are almost always part 

of some other activity. People go shopping because they need to buy food, 

clothing, home accessories, etc. Shopping is therefore an ancillary activity in 

relation to the principal function. The same applies to travel, which in this 

sense is an ancillary activity; it therefore makes sense to present travel in 

connection with the principal function that it serves. Figure 12 shows how 

working hours in different principal functions break down between time spent 

in shopping, services, travel and financial planning and the main activity. 

Shopping, services and travel time account for a substantial part of all 

principal functions. Their combined share is greatest in clothing and clothing 

care (29%), followed by care and nutrition (both 27%) and housing (24%). 

Travel accounts for about one-fifth of the total amount of time spent in 

volunteer work. 


6 Household production in different 

types ofhouseholds 

In Chapter 5 above, household production was examined at the national level. 

The discussion below describes household production in different types of 

households. In this analysis the figures can be presented in two different ways. 

First, we can look at the amount of production in one individual household 

and at how it breaks down between different principal functions in different 

types of households. This is a micro-level analysis. Secondly, we can examine 

different household types at the level of the national economy, in which case 

the results will also depend on the overall number of that particular type of 

household in the country. This approach allows us to compare the household 

production of, say, pensioner households and working-age households at the 

national level. The production and generation of income accounts for each 

type of household are compiled in Appendix 7. Households are grouped by 

their life-stage and the age of the reference person (Table 8). The number of 

households in the population and in the research material is shown in Table 2. 

Table 8. 

Types of households and their average size 

Type of household Classification by age etc. Average size 

of household, 

persons 

Average 

number of 

persons over 

age 10 in 

household* 

Single-person households under 45 yrs 1 1 

45–64 yrs 1 1 

65 yrs or over 1 1 

Couples without children 

whose reference person 

under 45 yrs 2 2 

45–64 yrs 2 2 

65 yrs or over 2 2 

Families with children, with one parent, youngest child 0–17 yrs 2.6 1.6 

two parents, youngest child 0–6 yrs 4.1 2.3 

two parents, youngest child 7–17 yrs 4.0 3.5 

Other households 

mainly households with more than 

two persons aged 18 or over 2.92.8 

* Household time use is the combined time use of household members aged 10 or over 


Table 9. 

Percentage of household types in income quintiles 

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Households 

in population 

Single-person 

households 

under 45 yrs 26 17 17 5 1 13 

45–64 yrs 1916 12 6 2 11 

65 yrs or over 40 194 1 0 13 

Couples without 

children whose 

reference person 

under 45 yrs 3 6 914 9 8 

45–64 yrs 2 5 14 21 24 13 

65 yrs or over 1 16 14 6 3 8 

Families with 

children, with 

one parent, youngest child 

0–17 yrs 5 6 4 1 1 3 

two parents, youngest child 

0–6 yrs 1 5 10 21 17 11 

two parents, youngest child 

7–17 yrs 1 2 7 14 28 10 

Other households 2 7 911 15 9 

% 100 100 100 100 100 100 

Households were also grouped into income quintiles according to gross 

household income. Table 9 shows how different household types break down 

into the five income quintiles formed. It seems that the age of the reference 

person and the number of income-earners have an influence on the income 

quintile to which a household belongs. 

The lowest income quintile seems to consist almost exclusively of people 

living alone. In the second income quintile, too, single-person households and 

pensioners make up the majority. The biggest group in the third income 

quintile are young people living alone as well as couples over 45. The fourth 

income quintile consists primarily of childless couples of working age and 

two-parent families with children. The fifth income quintile differs from the 

previous quintile in that instead of younger couples, it has a larger number of 

adult households, i.e. other households, and furthermore the proportion of 

families with school-age children is much greater than in the fourth income 

quintile. 


6.1 Household production in individual 

households 

The following proceeds to examine household production and its structure at 

micro level, in different types of households. Also the value of purchased final 

consumption products is included in descriptions of providing meals and 

clothing. 

Different types of households differ widely in terms of the volume of 

household production. Output per household is greatest in the biggest 

households, i.e. two-parent families with children and specifically in those 

where the children are under school age. In 2001, the average value of 

non-SNA production in this household category was almost 45,000 euros a 

year. The lowest figure for non-SNA production was recorded for 

single-person households aged under 45, where it was less than 14,500 euros a 

year. For couples the corresponding figures ranged from 28,700 euros in the 

youngest households to more than 41,100 euros in the oldest households. 

The share of SNA production, then, was highest in single-person 

households aged over 65 and among couples aged 45–64, standing at 17 per 

cent of total household production. For single-person households and couples 

under 45 and for single parents, the value of SNA production was lowest 

(Figure 13). This is mainly explained by the fact that SNA production includes 

imputed housing services of owner-occupiers, whereas young people and 

single parents primarily live in rented accommodation. 

Household production increases from lower towards higher income 

quintiles (Figure 14). In the lowest income quintile, non-SNA household 

production amounts to around 19,200 euros and in the highest to almost 

36,500 euros a year. Likewise, SNA production and its share of total 

production increase from the lowest income quintiles to the higher quintiles. 

Figure 13. SNA and non-SNA household production in different types of households 

€/ /household /year 

45,000 


40,000 

35,000 

30,000 

25,000 

20,000 

15,000 

10,000 


5,000 

0 

Under 45 45–64 65+ Under 45 45–64 65+ Single Youngest Youngest Others 

yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs parents 0–6 7–17 

Persons living alone Couples 

Families with children 


Figure 14. SNA and non-SNA household production by income quintile 


45,000 


40,000 

35,000 

30,000 

25,000 


20,000 

15,000 

10,000 

5,000 

0 

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 

In the lowest income quintile the share of SNA production is 9 per cent and in 

the highest income quintile almost 16 per cent. 

Looking at the share of non-SNA production attributable to different 

principal functions, we find that housing accounted for the largest (around 

40%) and the provision of meals for the second largest proportion (30–35%) of 

the value of household output in most household types (Figure 15). Among 

young people living alone, the principal function of housing accounted for 

about one-half of non-SNA production. 

In single-person households over 65, the value of the provision of meals 

was somewhat greater than the value of housing. In families with small 

children, childcare accounted for 30 per cent of the total value of household 

production, while housing and the provision of meals both accounted for 

around 27 per cent. The share of the childcare and adult care varied widely 

between different household types. Among single parents the figure was 14 

per cent, in families with schoolchildren 8 per cent and in others less than 4 

per cent. 

In most households clothing accounted for around 10 per cent of output. 

The figure for volunteer work was also almost 10 per cent in most households, 

but for elderly people living alone, young couples and time-pressed 

single-parent households and families with small children, the figure was no 

more than around 5 per cent. Pet care accounted for between 2 and 6 per cent 

of the value of household production. With the single exception of families 

with children, pet care accounted for a larger proportion of household 

production than the care of people. 


Figure 15. Breakdown of non-SNA household production by principal function in different types 

of households 

Others 


Youngest 7–17 yrs 

Youngest 0–6 yrs 

Single parents 

Couples 

65+ yrs 

45–64 yrs 

Under 45 yrs 

Persons living alone 

65+ yrs 

45–64 yrs 

Under 45 yrs 

0 20 40 60 80 100% 


Figure 16 shows how the different principal functions compare with one 

another in different types of households when intermediate consumption is 

excluded from the equation. Especially among people living alone, the figures 

for housing production and the provision of meals were considerably smaller 

than in other household types. This Figure reiterates the major role of housing, 

the provision of meals and (in families with small children) childcare in the 

total output value of non-SNA household production. 

Figure 16. Gross value added of non-SNA household production by principal function and 

type of household 


14,000 


12,000 

10,000 

8,000 

6,000 

4,000 

2,000 

0 






When looking at income quintiles, the results showed that in virtually all 

principal functions, the share of both output, intermediate consumption goods 

and services, labour as well as the acquisition of final consumption products 

increases steadily from lower to higher income quintiles. This pattern of steady 

growth is most clearly disrupted in the output of care and volunteer work 

(Figure 17). The deviations are largely explained by the types of households 

belonging to the different quintiles. For example, the large amount of care in 

the fourth income quintile is mainly due to it having the highest proportion of 

families with small children (21%). It was therefore not considered necessary 

to examine households in greater detail on the basis of income quintiles; 

instead we turn our attention to the differences between different types of 

households. 

The discussion below proceeds to examine each principal function. In 

figures 18–23 travel and services are shown as a separate part of the output in 

each principal function. It consists of the value of labour, capital consumption 

and intermediate consumption. The output value of travel and services as a 

proportion of the value of total household production ranged from 16 per cent 

in single-person households to 29 per cent for young couples. In most other 

household types transportation accounted for between 20 and 22 per cent of 

total output. 

Figure 17. Gross value added of non-SNA household production by principal function and 

income quintile 


12,000 

11,000 

10,000 

9,000 

8,000 

7,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

1,000 

0 

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 




In housing, the value of non-SNA production per household ranged from 

15,500 euros in families with school-age children to around 6,600 euros in the 

oldest single-person households (Figure 16). In most household types labour 

accounted for an even greater share of the value of housing production than it 

did of the value of meal production: in most households the figure was in 

excess of 50 per cent, for older couples as high as 70 per cent. Among young 

people living alone, labour accounted for less than one-third. Among single 

parents and young couples the share of labour was also lower than average. 

Housing includes home maintenance, including cleaning and maintenance 

repairs, as well as gardening and yard maintenance. The renovation and 

construction of houses and dwellings are in turn included in the core national 

accounts and constitute a significant proportion of SNA household 

production. However no figures are available on this renovation and 

construction work in different types of households. 

In housing, intermediate consumption goods and services account for a 

larger proportion of production than in other principal functions. This is 

because the figures here include rents paid, most energy charges and housing 

costs related to owner-occupied housing (Appendix 3). Therefore figures are 

higher for young households who often live in rented accommodation. Older 

small households and families with children, for their part, live more often in 

owner-occupied housing where cleaning, repairs and gardening and yard 

maintenance take up more time and drive up the share of labour. 

Figure 18. Non-SNA production of housing services by type of household 


16,000 

Travel and services 

14,000 

Gross value added 

12,000 

Intermediate 

consumption 

10,000 

8,000 

6,000 

4,000 

2,000 

0 






Examples of final consumption products in housing services include hotel 

and other accommodation, laundry services for home textiles and cut flowers. 

However it is only rarely that staying at a hotel is a substitute for living at 

home or a second home. In the principal function of housing, the sum total of 

final consumption products averaged less than 300 euros in all types of 

households. It is noteworthy that hotel nights included in package holidays are 

not taken into account in these calculations. 


In providing meals and snacks, the value of production ranged from over 

14,200 euros in families with schoolchildren to less than 3,600 euros in 

single-person households under 45 (Figure 19). As in other principal functions, 

labour accounted for the bulk (over 60%) of the value of production in meals 

and snacks. The share of labour was greatest and the share of intermediate 

consumption goods and services smallest in single-person households and 

couples over 65 (less than 20%). The share of labour was smallest among 

young people living alone and couples (45%). Travel and services and 

intermediate goods and services accounted for almost equally large proportions 

in this principal function, standing at 18 per cent for older couples and people 

living alone and for 22 per cent in most other types of households. 

Figure 19 also shows the value of purchased final consumption products: 

this allows us to compare the value of ready-to-eat snacks and meals with 

those produced by the household. 

In families with children and households under age 45, the value of 

purchased final consumption products was greater than the value of 

intermediate goods and services, whereas in other types of households the 

opposite was true. For young people living alone, the value of final 

consumption products was one-half of the total provision of meals and snacks 

and for families with children around 30 per cent. This is probably indicative 

Figure 19. Non-SNA production of meals and snacks and purchased final consumption products 

by type of household 


16,000 


14,000 


12,000 Intermediate 

consumption 

10,000 Purchases for 

final consumption 

8,000 

6,000 

4,000 

2,000 

0 






of the fact that young households and families with children purchased 

prepared meals for consumption at home or went out for meals more often 

than other households. Purchases of alcoholic beverages are not included in 

this analysis. 


The value of production in clothing and clothing care was considerably lower 

than in the provision of housing and meals. As in most other principal 

functions, the highest figures were recorded for families with schoolchildren 

(at almost 4,000 euros) and the lowest in single-person households under 45 

(less than 1,000 euros). The structure of clothing and clothing care is different 

from that of other principal functions. Here, the share of labour accounted for 

at least one-half of the value of output in all types of households; in most 

households it accounted for 60–70 per cent. Furthermore, travel and services 

related to clothing purchases accounted for a greater proportion of the output 

value than in other principal functions, ranging in most households from 27 to 

44 per cent. The only exception was seen in single-person households over 65, 

where travel and services accounted for no more than 14 per cent. 

Intermediate consumption, such as purchases of energy, water, detergents or 

textiles and sewing accessories, accounted for no more than 3–6 per cent of the 

value of output. 

In Figure 20, the value of purchased final consumption products and 

services is again illustrated alongside the bar describing own household 

production. In clothing and clothing care, the value of final consumption was 

exceptionally high in comparison to the value of household-produced output. 

Final consumption products in this category consist of clothes as well as 

laundry and repair charges. Older people who lived alone and older couples 

spent the least money on clothing and on clothing care services relative to the 

value of household production (10–14%). For single-person households under 

Figure 20. Non-SNA production of clothing and clothing care and purchased final consumption 

products by type of household 


4,000 Travel and services 

3,500 Gross value added 


3,000 

Purchases for final consumption 

2,500 

2,000 

1,500 

1,000 

500 

0 






45 and families with schoolchildren, the value of final consumption products 

was around 70 per cent of the value of production. Expenditure on clothes and 

their care was highest in families with schoolchildren, with spending 

amounting to more than 2,500 euros a year. The differences seen between 

different household types suggest that young people and families with children 

spend quite a lot of money on clothes, whereas older people buy less clothes 

but devote more time to clothing care. 

Care ofchildren and adults 

In families with children under school age, the value of childcare was in a class 

all its own. In fact, he figure was higher than that for SNA housing or meals 

and snacks at almost 13,400 euros (note that the scale in Figure 21 is different 

from the scale in Figure 20). In these families the value of childcare was 

around four times higher than in families with schoolchildren and almost three 

times higher than in single-parent families. 

One factor which reduces the value of childcare and the care of adults is 

that allowances paid out to families are subtracted from the value of labour 

(regarded as subsidies). On average, families with small children got almost 

2,500 euros a year in care allowances, for single-parent families the figure was 

almost 270 euros. In other types of households care allowances are much 

smaller. It also needs to be borne in mind that the public sector subsidises a 

significant proportion of children’s day care, and consequently households only 

have to pay for part of the final consumption products in this principal 

function. 

Travel and services accounted for over one-half of the value of care for 

adults. For people living alone, travel and services related to care were 

allocated to caring for pets since there are no other (permanent) residents in 

these households. These people do, however, have pets, which will 

occasionally need to be taken to the vet, for example. 

Figure 21. Non-SNA production of the care of children and adults and purchased services 



16,000 


14,000 


12,000 Intermediate consumption 

10,000 Purchases for final consumption 

8,000 

6,000 

4,000 

2,000 

0 







The value of pet care was the highest in families with schoolchildren, in other 

households and in couples under 45 (1,700–1,900 euros). The lowest value 

was recorded for persons over 65, both those living alone and couples (less 

than 600 euros, Figure 22). Pet care accounted for 2–6 per cent of total 

household production. 

Pet care is defined as consisting of care proper and compulsory walks 

(mainly dogs), with a maximum of 10 minutes at a time classified as time 

spent in pet care; longer walks are classified under physical exercise. 

Intermediate consumption goods and services in pet care consist of animal 

food, medicine and some of the accessories needed in caring for pets. 

Equipment with a longer service life and the pets themselves are counted as 

investments. 

Figure 22. Non-SNA production of pet care by type of household 


4,000 

3,500 

3,000 

2,500 

2,000 

1,500 

1,000 

500 




0 






The value of volunteer work consists primarily of labour, mainly in the shape 

of neighbourly help and other unpaid voluntary work, for instance at a sports 

club or a charity, as well as of travel related to voluntary work and the 

consumption of fixed capital and intermediate consumption associated with 

travel. Volunteer work includes no intermediate consumption because it is 

usually compensated separately. 


Figure 23. Volunteer work by type of household 


4,000 

3,500 

3,000 

2,500 

2,000 

1,500 

1,000 

500 



0 





The highest volunteer production figures were recorded for couples aged 

45–64 (over 3,500 euros, Figure 23). One explanation may be that these 

couples give informal help to their elderly parents who live in separate 

households. The volunteer work was also higher than average in families with 

schoolchildren, where the bulk of this production consists of volunteer work 

related to children’s leisure activities and hobbies. 

6.2 Household production by types ofhousehold 

at national level 

A household analysis at the national level yields a rather different picture than 

the examination of individual households. This is because the number of 

different types of households in our country varies. In Figure 24, the value of 

production by single-parent households, for example, is as low as it is because 

there are so few households in this category (80,110). By contrast there is a 

very large number of households with couples aged 45–64 (almost 311,000), 

so their behaviour has a major impact on the national figures for household 

production. The number of single-person households under 45 is higher still 

(317,000), but they account for a comparatively small proportion of 

household production owing to their small amount of unpaid work. 

Two-parent families with children, which number around half a million, 

account for one-third of the country’s total household production. Production 

accounts for different types of households at the national level are shown in 

Appendix 7. The Table also shows the average gross value added and the value 

of output per individual household (euros per household). (These rows are 

placed immediately below the value of output). 

SNA production consists primarily of housing services produced by 

owner-occupiers. The proportions of SNA production in different types of 


Figure 24. National gross value added in household production by type of household 

Million € / household type 

10,000 

8,000 

SNA 

Non-SNA 

6,000 

4,000 

2,000 

0 





households also reflect households’ housing careers (Figure 25). Young people 

who live alone rarely live in owner-occupied accommodation, but with 

advancing age this becomes increasingly common. The most significant 

producers of SNA housing services are couples aged 45–64 as well as 

households with schoolchildren. Not only housing services, but also SNA food 

production is clearly higher in these households than in other household 

categories. In other words, the overall volume of household production is 

dependent first and foremost on the number of families with children, but also 

on the present stage of life of the baby boom generation, which typically 

includes living in owner-occupied accommodation, often having a second 

home or summer house, and fishing, berry picking and gardening. 

Figure 25. National gross value added in production of own-account housing services 


Million € / household type 

3,500 

3,000 

2,500 

2,000 

1,500 

1,000 

500 

SNA 

Non-SNA 

0 






6.3 Conclusions by type ofhousehold 

There are marked differences between different household types both with 

respect to the volume of production, its breakdown between different 

principal functions and the structure of production. Production volumes 

increase more or less steadily from the first to the fifth income quintile. The 

minor deviations seen in this pattern are explained by the types of household, 

suggesting that household structure and life-stage have a greater impact on 

household production than incomes. 

The use of intermediate goods and services decreases and the share of 

labour increases with advancing age both among people living alone and 

among couples. Given the high proportion of care provision, the value of 

labour in families with small children exceeds the figures for other types of 

households. 

The purchases of final consumption products are highest in relative terms 

in the provision of meals and snacks, second highest in clothing and third 

highest in housing. The one exception here is represented by families with 

small children, where the expenditure on childcare services is somewhat 

higher than expenditure on clothes and clothing care. Since day care is heavily 

subsidised by the public sector, the results for the proportion of final 

consumption purchases in this comparison are lower than the true figures. In 

the provision of meals, the mass production of foods is highly efficient and 

highly processed products provide a competitive option to household 

production, in both price and quality terms. The shift to market production 

has been even more pronounced in the manufacture of clothes. People no 

longer have the same skills they used to, which is another reason why DIY 

clothes no longer are a competitive option. Doing the laundry at home with an 

automatic washing machine, on the other hand, is cheaper and more 

convenient than using professional laundry services. Very few households 

reported using these services. The cleaning services market was also very much 

in its infancy in Finland in 2001 (Aalto 2003). 

It seems then that age has an impact on the volume of household 

production and particularly on the share of labour in household production. 

However it is too early to say whether the reason for this lies in generational 

differences in lifestyles, or whether the difference is due to life-stage or 

household structure. Our focus here is primarily on life-stage and structural 

factors because no time series are as yet available that would describe 

generational differences. Single-person households and couples aged over 65 

spend more time in unpaid work than younger households, and in these 

households, labour accounts for a larger proportion of the value of production. 

The older people are used to self-provisioning. They also have more time on 

their hands and consequently they might work more slowly. What is more, not 

all pensioners can take advantage of subsidised meals at service centres in the 

same way as people who go to work, so they often prepare their own meals. 


Researchers in Australia have also calculated the value of household 

production for households at different life-stages (Ironmonger & Soupournas 

2003). For these studies, life-stages were constructed by combining age and 

living with a partner/spouse. The results for 1993–94 are very similar to those 

reported in the current Satellite Account. In Australia the lowest value was 

recorded for persons aged around 20 and the highest in the age bracket 30–40, 

when most people have small or school-age children, while the figures were 

somewhat lower among persons aged 60–70 (value of production per adult 

30,400, 45,400 and 36,200 Australian dollars). At all age stages people living 

with a partner/spouse recorded a higher value for household production than 

people who lived alone, even in per capita calculations. 


7 Integrating household production 

into the national accounts 

The basic idea of the Household Satellite Account is to calculate a monetary 

value for household production and to make it visible in economic terms. 

Further, the idea is to produce a module, a separate account that, if and where 

necessary, can be integrated with the national accounts. The integration of 

these different accounts will produce an extended account that describes the 

whole economy. Time series on this extended economy offer a different 

picture of economic development compared to the core accounts. According 

to research by Professor Duncan Ironmonger, household production and 

market production serve as buffers for each other so that during strong 

business cycles and increasing market production, household production will 

tend to recede; and during weak business cycles, the opposite is true. 

According to Ironmonger the ratio is not quite 1:1, but the factor value is 

around 0.8 (Ironmonger & Soupournas 2003). As yet no economic time series 

are available in Finland that cut across different business cycles. 

In the long term economies are affected not only by cyclical fluctuations, 

but also structural changes. Production shifts from one sector to another. 

These shifts may vary in direction and intensity at different stages of market 

economy development. It is widely agreed that the main trend is for 

production to shift from the household sector to the market economy, but it is 

possible that estimates have been exaggerated. There is also movement in the 

opposite direction, from the public and private sector to households, which 

may not have been fully recognized. At least it may be said that strong business 

development requires increased production in the household sector, too. One 

example is provided by the increased amount of time spent by households in 

the acquisition of goods and services (Varjonen & Aalto 2005). 

In the discussion that follows, household production is integrated with the 

household sector accounts of the national accounts and with parts of the whole 

system of accounts. All the figures are for 2001. 9 

7.1 Integration with household sector accounts 

We begin by integrating household production with the household sector 

accounts in the system of national accounts. The sequence of household 

accounts is presented in detail in Tables 1 and 2 of Appendix 9. One factor 

that somewhat complicates the integration is that part of household 

production (13%) is already included in the national accounts. To avoid 

duplicate counting, a column has been added to the integrated tables under 

the heading: Adjustments (SNA – non-SNA). In the production account, 

generation of income account and capital account deductions are entered in 

9 The FISIM (Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured) methodological revisions 

made to the national accounts in summer 2005 have not been taken into account. Therefore 

the figures describe the situation in spring 2005. 


this column to allow for the transfer of SNA production to household 

production. In other accounts the column shows the increase in disposable 

income, consumption and saving attributable to household production. 

In Table 1, household production is divided between SNA and non-SNA 

production and volunteer work. In Table 2, household production is divided 

between principal functions regardless of whether part of that production is 

included in the core national accounts. The Tables have separate columns for 

the SNA household sector, household production, and extended household 

production. The figures shown in these Tables are discussed in the following 

under the headings Extended household output, Extended household 

consumption and Saving and gross fixed capital formation. 

Extended household output 

In the light of the official national accounts, household production appears to 

have only a marginal role; it accounts for no more than a few per cent of the 

national economy. By contrast the role of households on the consumption side 

of the accounts, is quite pronounced. According to the national accounts, the 

volume of individual consumption as a proportion of GDP in 2001 was 64 per 

cent. The extended household sector accounts change the picture by bringing 

more clearly to light the role of household production for own use. The value 

added of household production increases 4.7-fold. 

Extended overall output is obtained by adding together production from 

the household sector in the national accounts and the output of household 

production. The share of household production included in the core national 

accounts is then subtracted. The figures are indicated in million euros in 2001. 

The figures that are included in the national accounts are given in italics. 

million euros 

Household output 24 317 

+ Output of all own-account household production 81 588 

– Output of household production for own 

use included in the national accounts 12 730 

= Extended household output 93 176 

Using the same calculation rules, the gross value added figures change as 

follows: 

million euros 

Household sector gross value added 14 582 

+ Value added of all own-account household 

production 62 844 

– Value added of household production for 

own use included in the national accounts 8 297 

= Extended household gross value added 69 129 


Production for own use accounts for 88 per cent of extended household 

sector output. The share of volunteer work is 6.5 per cent. Production for own 

use accounts for an ever greater share of gross value added, i.e. 91 per cent, 

with volunteer work representing 8 per cent of this. 

Household disposable income increases by some 80 per cent by virtue of 

household production, i.e. from 64 billion to 116 billion euros. This, however, 

is an imputed increase; households do not actually get to see this money. It 

may be described as a “compensation” that materialises in the consumption of 

the goods and services that households have produced for themselves. On the 

other hand, if households wanted to maintain the same level of consumption 

without own production, they would have to buy the corresponding products 

in the market and the money they spent on these goods and services means 

that they would have less to spend on something else. So although the increase 

in disposable income is only imputed, its impacts are very real. Volunteer work 

accounts for 5 billion euros of this imputed income. It is not the household 

that has produced this work that reaps the benefits, but at a national level the 

beneficiaries are nonetheless private households. 

Extended household consumption 

Household consumption is also increased. It is a key characteristic of services 

that their production and consumption are closely intertwined with each other 

(SNA 1993, 6.8). It follows logically that households also consume the services 

that they produce for their own use (with the exception of neighbourly help 

and other volunteer work, which is consumed in some other household). 

Extended household consumption consists of the consumption of the final 

products purchased by households and of the consumption of products that 

households have produced for themselves. Here we need to take into account 

the items already included in the core national accounts under consumption, 

i.e. the ingredients, raw materials and other intermediate consumption goods 

and services, as well as capital goods purchased by households in 2001. These 

items must be subtracted from consumption to avoid duplicate counting. In 

addition to household consumption, the figures include the consumption 

expenditure of general government, the biggest items of which are health 

expenditure and education. Non-profit institutions serving households include 

religious associations, sports clubs, etc. The individual consumption 

expenditure of general government and non-profit institutions is financed 

through social income transfers. Adding them to household consumption 

expenditure results in individual consumption expenditure. The figures are as 

follows (excluding collective consumption): 


million euros 

From household sector accounts 

Household consumption expenditure 65 031 

+ general government individual consumption expenditure 18 436 

+ non-profit institutions’ consumption expenditure 2 886 

= Individual consumption expenditure 

(“actual” individual consumption) 86 353 

From non-SNA household production 

+ value of output (household production 

81 588 less its SNA component 12 730) 68 858 

– intermediate consumption 14 312 

– gross fixed capital formation 3 828 

= Extended household consumption 137 071 

Extended household consumption is one and a half times greater than SNA 

consumption. It is noteworthy that in this calculation, the value of products 

produced by households (i.e. final consumption products) does not include 

value added tax, which in turn is included in individual consumption figures in 

the national accounts. 

According to the national accounts, consumption expenditure has steadily 

increased. Growth figures for extended consumption are probably somewhat 

lower. The reason for this is that when households purchase market services 

instead of relying on their own production, for instance go out for a meal 

instead of cooking themselves, there is no change in consumption itself; only 

the producer changes. Since 2001, it is estimated that the use of purchased 

services as substitutes for household production has increased considerably. 

The introduction of a new tax deduction for household services and domestic 

work in 2003 has attracted more producers into the market and increased the 

demand for services (Niilola et al. 2005). The impacts of this development on 

consumption as well as on the value added from production can only be 

assessed once results are available from the next household satellite accounts. 

Saving and gross fixed capital formation 

When consumption is subtracted from household disposable income, the 

remainder shows the amount of saving. Household production for own use 

impacts both the household’s disposable income and consumption, and by the 

same token its saving. When household production is calculated via costs, 

household consumption cannot exceed the production of goods for own use. 

The increase in savings compared to core national accounts is explained by the 

fact that the goods used as investments in household production are classified 

in the core national accounts as final consumption goods, but in the satellite 

account they are transferred from consumption to gross fixed capital 

formation. 


million euros 

From household sector accounts 

Disposable income 64 112 

+ Social transfers in kind from 

- general government 18 436 

- non-profit institutions 2 886 

= Adjusted disposable income 85 434 

+ Adjustment for households’ pensions fund share 145 

– Actual individual consumption 86 353 

= Saving – 774 

From non-SNA household production 

Disposable income 51 708 

– Actual individual consumption 50 719 

= Saving 989 

Extended household saving (–774+989) 215 

Gross fixed capital formation refers to the value of capital goods purchased 

during the year. In the national accounts household sector, it consists mainly of 

housing ownership. In the household satellite account, it additionally includes 

household durable and semi-durable goods (excluding leisure, hobby etc. 

equipment). 

million euros 

Gross fixed capital formation: 

From household sector accounts 6 365 

+ Gross fixed capital formation 

in household production 7 807 

– part included in core accounts 3 979 

= Extended household gross fixed capital 

formation 10 193 

According to the national accounts, household sector savings in 2001 were 

negative: household spending exceeded household disposable income by 774 

million euros. The savings generated by household production, on the other 

hand, amounted to almost one billion euros in the black. Overall then, in the 

extended household sector account, savings were 215 million euros in the 

black. Savings are used to finance gross fixed capital formation, i.e. the 

acquisition of household appliances, furniture etc. in households. In 2001 gross 

fixed capital formation exceeded capital consumption by some two billion 

euros, which is part of the financing of gross capital formation. 


7.2 Integration with the whole national 

economy 

International comparability is an important aim of the national accounts. 

Figures describing the extended economy open up a new dimension of 

comparability, bringing non-market production into the equation and in this 

way providing a clearer picture of the true size of different national economies. 

Extended figures also help to form a clearer assessment of GDP growth from a 

welfare point of view, since services produced in household production are 

specifically intended for household consumption. International comparability 

requires household satellite accounts to be compiled on the basis of 

harmonised principles and methods. As yet no such recommendations are in 

place in the European Union. 

Table 3 in Appendix 9 integrates non-SNA household production with the 

national economy accounts (goods and services account, production account 

and generation of income account). The columns in this table represent the 

whole economy (column 1), the whole economy less SNA own-account 

production (6) and the extended economy (7). Table 4, then, shows the 

relative proportions with which the whole economy is extended when 

non-SNA household production is incorporated. 

The inclusion of household production in the national accounts causes 

various changes of various magnitude in different elements of production. 

GDP increases by 40 per cent and real individual consumption by almost 60 

per cent. The biggest increase at 79 per cent is recorded for employee 

compensation; this is because the value of labour in household production has 

been added to these figures rather than to the operating surplus (in following 

the logic of the input method). The relatively high proportion of labour in 

household production as compared to market production is reflected in the 

fairly modest, 10 per cent increase in intermediate consumption. Figures for 

gross fixed capital formation (+ 14 per cent) and for fixed capital consumption 

(+ 13 per cent) also underline the labour intensiveness of household 

production. 

The impacts of incorporating household consumption in the structure of 

the whole economy could also be shown from the vantage point of the figures 

for the extended economy. In this case the share of household production 

would be one-third and that of non-SNA production 28.7 per cent (see 

Chapter 5.1). 

The inclusion of household production in the national accounts drives up 

the share of service production. This growth derives from the increase in 

services related to housing, meals, clothing care and the care of children and 

adults. It would be particularly interesting to know how large a proportion of 

these services are produced by business companies, the public sector and 

households and what kinds of shifts occur between these different sectors. 

Answers can be obtained by continuing to integrate household production into 

the supply and use framework of the national accounts and by producing 

relevant time series. 


8 Discussion ofthe results and needs 

for further research 

8.1 Interplay oftime and money in household 

services 

The results produced by the Household Satellite Account are of a new kind, in 

two respects. First, the account produces quantitative information on how 

households combine time and money in their productive activities. Secondly, 

it produces monetary estimates for the value of household production in 

different types of households and in different principal functions. 

When households make decisions on how to obtain the services they need 

or that make their everyday life easier, time and money are to some extent 

regarded as substitutes for one another. In microeconomics, researchers have 

sought to explain the use of time and money by means of econometric models, 

inspired by Becker’s theory of time use allocation. The alternative use of time 

and money is approached not only as a resource issue, but also as a value issue 

that reflects households’ priorities and decision-making. The models examine 

decision-making situations in individual activities. 

The statistics compiled in the present Satellite Account describe the 

monetary value of the goods and services produced by all the households in the 

country for their own use. Its aim is not to explain why money and labour are 

combined in certain ways, but to describe how they were combined in 2001. 

In order to give more depth to the picture, production is divided into principal 

functions. Accounts are produced separately for ten different types of 

households, which represent different life-stages and family structures. The 

value of production is calculated on the basis of national accounting rules 

applying the input method: the accounts show the share of labour, the 

consumption of fixed capital, raw materials and other intermediate 

consumption and gross fixed capital formation separately. Where possible the 

value of goods and services substituting household production, i.e. purchased 

final consumption products, is indicated separately alongside the value of own 

production. The figures provide a clear picture of how different types of 

households spend their time (i.e. labour) and money when purchasing or 

producing goods and services. 


Housing and food: the two biggest production fields 

According to Household Budget Surveys the biggest consumption expenditure 

items in Finnish households are housing, food and transport. The Household 

Satellite Account shows that people also put in a lot of work towards their 

housing and food. The value of household production is highest in the 

principal function of housing, where almost one-quarter (5 billion euros) of 

net value added of 22 billion euros is created through housing services 

produced by owner-occupiers. Other basic housing requirements, apart from 

the dwelling itself, include furniture, household appliances and other capital 

goods: the value of capital consumption is almost 5 billion euros. The value of 

labour in the provision of meals and snacks is almost as high as in the 

production of housing services; net value added here is 16.6 billion euros. The 

share of capital consumption, on the other hand, is considerably lower at 672 

million euros. At an aggregate level the other principal functions, i.e. clothing, 

care and volunteer work, are all much smaller, but the situation in families 

with small children is different. 

Labour intensiveness is highest in care, purchases 

of final products are highest in food 

The structure of production varies across the different principal functions. On 

average, labour accounts for 74 per cent of the value of output, which is the 

same as in the service industries in general. The share of labour is highest in the 

provision of care at over 90 per cent. The value of purchased care services 

amounted to no more than 14 percentage points of the value of care produced 

at home, as its share is reduced by day care services organised and subsidised 

by the public sector. Parents’ allowances and home care allowances paid out 

from the public purse have been taken into account in calculating the value of 

care produced at home. Differences in subsidy mechanisms may complicate 

the task of comparing production of care in different countries. 

The share of intermediate consumption, i.e. raw materials and supplies 

needed in production, is greatest in the principal functions of housing and 

food. In housing services, intermediate consumption goods and services consist 

in large part of rents, repairs and heating. In the provision of meals, 

intermediate consumption goods and services include various ingredients as 

well as the energy and water that are needed in preparing meals. High 

intermediate product use may be an indication of the use of expensive or 

highly processed ingredients, but on the other hand it may also signal that the 

household does a lot of cooking and uses less ready-to-eat snacks and prepared 

meals. Indeed it is necessary to look at the use of final consumption products 

and intermediate consumption side by side. The ratio of the two varies in 

different types of households. Persons under 45 spend more money on final 

food products than on intermediate ones, whereas in pensioner households the 

opposite is true. Families with children spend roughly the same amount of 

money on intermediate consumption goods and services and final consumption 

products. 


Shopping, running errands and related travel account for around one-fifth 

of the value of production. Their share is greatest in families with children, 

reflecting the nature of activities in bigger families (e.g. the need for 

transporting children). The amount of time spent in these activities has 

increased substantially over the past few decades. 

Life-stage and population structure determine 

household production 

The relative weight of different principal functions in household production 

varies at different life-stages. Results at the household level show that the age 

of household members seems to impact the volume of household production 

and particularly the share of labour in that production. The share of labour 

increases with advancing age, both among people living alone and among 

couples, while the share of final consumption purchases decreases, and so does 

the share if housework related travel and shopping. 

The volume of household production per household is lowest in 

single-person households under 45, where labour furthermore accounts for the 

smallest proportion of the value of production. In this group the housing 

accounts for over one-half of output, which is more than in other types of 

households. This suggests that household production has only a minor role in 

the life of young people, except of some production in housing services. 

Household output is highest in families with small children. In their case 

almost one-third of the value of production comes from the provision of care. 

The high proportion of care explains why labour accounts for a larger share of 

the value of output than is the case in other household types. In other families 

with children, care accounts for less than 15 per cent of the output, in all other 

households the figure is less than 4 per cent. 

At the national level, figures for household production are influenced not 

only by differences between individual households, but also by the number of 

different household types in the country at any given time. Forecasts of 

changes in the population structure can also shed light on the projected 

development of household production. 

Couples representing the baby boom generation (aged 45–64) and families 

with children represent the “heavy producers” of household production. In 

2001, these households together accounted for about half of Finland’s 

household production, even though they account for only 37 per cent of the 

number of households. On the other hand, single-person households also 

account for around 37 per cent of all households, but their share of household 

production was no more than one-quarter. 

The volume of household production also depends on population growth 

because as the number of households grows, so too does the volume of 

production. The way that people organise and go about their everyday 

activities is very much dependent on their housing arrangements, and 

therefore every household produces at least some services for its own use. 


8.2 Reliability ofresults 

The reliability of the results reported here can be assessed against both the 

method and the datasets used. The value of household production has been 

determined using the input method, where the value of output is calculated as 

the sum of production costs. The most critical point is the determination of 

the amount and value of labour. In this Satellite Account the amount of labour 

is determined on the basis of the Time Use Survey. The figures are based on 

time spent in primary activities; secondary, simultaneous activities have not 

been included because there has not yet been enough discussion about how 

they should be defined and valued. Another reason for the exclusion of 

secondary activities is that the reported figures tend to vary widely, and the 

results of the Time Use Survey have not been considered sufficiently reliable. 

The value of unpaid work depends also on the wage level applied in 

valuation. For the present purposes we have used the gross wage of a generalist 

housekeeper/home helper, including holiday compensation. The wage is 9.99 

euros per hour. Other options would have been net wage and gross wage 

including employer contributions. Calculations based on these three different 

wage concepts are shown in Appendix 4. Instead of the wage of a generalist, it 

would be possible to use the wage of other employees with specialist skills. 

Producers of services compensating unpaid work include cooks, childminders, 

cleaners, office clerks, housekeepers, drivers, decorators, interior designers, 

janitors, etc. The average wage level of specialist employees is pretty close to 

that of the housekeeper, so it is unlikely that this change would have had very 

much impact on the results. By contrast the difference between net and gross 

wages is considerably bigger. 

Furthermore, the reliability of these results can be weighed against the 

reliability of the data used as well as against their applicability to the 

measurement of household production. The datasets used here were Statistics 

Finland’s Time Use Survey, the Household Budget Survey and national 

accounts data. The time use data were from 1999–2000; for the present 

purposes we have consulted the data at household level (Appendix 1). A more 

detailed account of how these data were compiled is given in Appendix 2 of 

the report on Time Use in Families (Väisänen 2005; in Finnish). The 

Household Budget Survey is from 2001–2002. A more detailed description of 

this dataset and the methods employed is provided in Statistics Finland’s 

quality statement (Statistics Finland 2004). 

The samples of all these datasets were considered adequate for purposes of 

classifying households into different types. Single-parent households were kept 

intact as a single category, without dividing them into groups according to the 

age of the youngest child. This was for reasons of ensuring an adequate sample 

size. 


The data were well suited for the compilation of this Household Satellite 

Account. A major consideration in the process of harmonising the method of 

the European Time Use Survey was to make sure that unpaid work can be 

distinguished from leisure and personal activities. The Classification of 

Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP), for its part, is highly detailed 

and provided a sound basis for the necessary classifications; there were only a 

few instances where time use or consumption categories had to be divided into 

two or more parts on a discretionary basis. These classifications concerned (1) 

the allocation of a certain category between different principal functions of 

household production and (2) the allocation of a certain consumption category 

between household production and some other activity, such as leisure. The 

former classification impacts the relative weight of different principal 

functions, but not the total value of household production. The latter impacts 

the value of household production. 

In the case of time use categories, discretionary classification was required 

when allocating the amount of time spent in shopping and services, household 

management, and to some extent travel related to unpaid work to different 

principal functions (see Table 5). In consumption expenditure, the use of 

energy and water were divided between intermediate consumption in housing, 

meals and clothing according to the average distribution of use (Appendix 8). 

Gardening products (garden soils, fertilizers, seedlings and seeds) were divided 

in half between housing (decorative garden) and SNA food (vegetable garden) 

intermediate consumption. Among final consumption products, home care 

and meal services for the elderly were also split equally between final care and 

final meal consumption. These decisions seemed to have a minor impact on 

the relative weight of different principal functions, but not on the total volume 

of household production. 

Discretion was also needed in the allocation of intermediate consumption 

goods and services as well as capital goods between household production and 

non-household production. Three per cent of telephone costs, Internet costs, 

postal fees, short bus and train trips and newspaper subscription fees were 

allocated to services (running errands). Accordingly, three per cent of 

telephone appliances and PCs were allocated to capital goods and capital 

consumption. In the input method used in the Satellite Account, intermediate 

consumption does not affect value added, but the consumption of capital does, 

although its share overall is very small. 

In the national accounts, household final consumption of goods includes 

the consumption of both foreign nationals resident in Finland and people living 

in institutions. Consumption by these two groups was subtracted from total 

consumption when compiling the Satellite Account. We had access to only 

rather crude estimates of these people’s consumption, and therefore the 

allocation of that consumption to the detailed classification of the Household 

Budget Survey was done on a discretionary basis. This has no significant effect 

on the overall end-result, but it might show up in individual categories. In the 

future the tourism satellite account will help to shed further light on this 

problem. According to 2001 national accounts, these population groups 

accounted for around 3 per cent of total consumption expenditure. 


8.3 Development needs 

The data produced by the Household Satellite Account constitute an extensive 

cross-sectional material and as such provide a good picture of the extent of 

household production. As is the case all economic statistics, here also it is 

important to know the direction and pace of development. Time series are 

crucial to systematic monitoring the development of household production 

and its relationship to the rest of the national economy. It would be 

particularly important to monitor the development of households’ own 

production versus the use of purchased services in different principal 

functions, because shifts in production have a major impact on business and 

industry, employment and services provided by the public sector. Ageing 

people who live in the community need care, which is now mainly produced 

by spouses or other relatives. Population ageing may well increase the demand 

for purchased services. Shopping and services as well as travel and transport 

related to unpaid work seem to be on the increase. These developments 

describe the impacts of the social structure and infrastructure on households. 

The aim now is to compile household satellite accounts on a regular basis at 

five-year intervals or more often, for example whenever a household budget 

survey produces new data on changes in consumption and whenever new time 

use studies are conducted. Since habits of time use are relatively slow to 

change, and since time use studies are carried out less frequently than 

household budget surveys, it might be possible in the interim to use earlier 

data on time use that are adjusted according to changes in household structure 

and to update the consumption data. 

Some revisions in the classifications used in the source materials would be 

helpful. First, it would be useful to classify the use of market and public 

services substituting household production by principal function (food, care, 

laundry, cleaning and repair services). Use of these services was still at a low 

level in 2001 but it is now set to increase as a result of new tax deduction rules 

and changes in attitudes towards using market services. 

Furthermore, it would be useful to be able more fully to include public 

sector taxes and subsidies on household production. The present calculations 

have taken account of home care allowances and parents’ allowances as well as 

certain taxes (real estate tax, vehicle and dog tax, fishing licence fees). 

However, services such as childcare and the care of the frail elderly are heavily 

subsidised from the public purse. Living in rented accommodation is 

supported by a housing allowance and owner-occupied accommodation by tax 

deductions. Conducting separate studies to determine the shares of these 

subsidies and their impacts on household production might be a good way to 

clarify the role of public sector on households’ economic behaviour. 

In the future, we also wish to be able to use output method to determine 

the value of production. That would provide important comparative data both 

on value added and on the competitiveness of household production relative to 

market production. In the present calculation labour was valued on the basis of 

the gross wage of housekeeper (ISCO 51331). Whatever the choice of wage, 


however, it is always open to criticism because there is no such thing as a 

“correct” equivalent market wage. The combined use of the input and output 

methods, whereby the mixed income obtained by the output method is 

divided by the number of hours spent in work, yields a reference hourly wage. 

The team that compiled the UK Household Account in 2000 was in the 

position to use this approach. The results show that this “hourly wage” varies 

widely from one task-group to another. For comparative purpose it is 

important to take careful stock of which items are included in intermediate 

consumption in each of the methods because in the output method, the value 

of intermediate consumption goods and services has a direct bearing on value 

added. Kristiina Aalto has calculated hourly wages for laundry washed at home 

on the basis of the number of kilogrammes of laundry and the cost of 

professional laundry services (Varjonen & Aalto 2005). The results show that 

the hourly wage is higher than when calculated on the basis of inputs. Doing 

the laundry is a task that can be done in households with quite considerable 

efficiency using automatic washing machines. Therefore it will not easily move 

to the market sector. 

In this Satellite Account housing has been approached as a single entity, 

without distinguishing between space used for unpaid work and leisure 

activities or sleeping. When the output method is used, this entity must be 

divided into different parts because the price of the market commodity 

corresponding to the output also includes facilities, e.g. meals consumed in a 

restaurant include kitchen and dining area costs. In the future leisure activities 

could be included as an extension to the Satellite Account. Then, living spaces 

in leisure use could also be allocated to their own principal function, as could 

acquisitions, travel etc. intended for leisure activities. That would help to 

complement the picture of economic activities in households with respect to 

leisure production and consumption. 


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VI. Reykjavik 19-20 September 2003. Ed. by G Jonsson, 137-153. 

Institute of History, University of Iceland. Reykjavik. 

Vihavainen M (1995). Calculating the value of household production in 

Finland in 1990. Statistics Finland. 

Väisänen P (2005) Ajankäyttötutkimuksen 1999–2000 otanta-asetelma ja 

kotitaloustietojen painottaminen. In: Perheiden ajankäyttö. Ed. Hannu 

Pääkkönen, 131-133. Tilastokeskus 2005. 


Appendix 1. Household time use by type ofhousehold, min/day 

Total Persons living alone Couples Families with children Other 

Aged 

under 

45 

Aged 

45–64 

Aged 

65+ 

Aged 

under 

45 

Aged 

45–64 

Aged 

65+ 

Singleparent 

Other 

households 

Youngest 

child 

aged 

0–6 

Youngest 

child 

aged 

7–17 

N sample 4 420 512 319346 426 650 395 161 582 587 442 

n population 2 381 500 317 093 270 927 309 985 196 231 310 906 189 146 80 110 257 159 245 176 204 768 

Number of persons over 10 years 

in household 1.8 1 1 1 2 2 2 1.6 2.3 3.5 2.8 

Number of persons in household 2.2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2.6 4.1 4 2.9 

Acitivity 

Household upkeep 70 21 41 55 51 96 115 59 86 114 107 

Repairs of dwelling 94 4 2 8 16 17 3 13 16 15 

Tending ornamental plants 5 1 3 4 1 918 1 4 9 11 

Other gardening and pet care 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 

Housing total 85 26 49 61 60 122 150 63 102 139 134 

Food preparation, baking, etc. and 

dishwashing 80 25 56 78 58 103 134 77 99 110 112 

Unspecified gardening and pet care 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Food management, total 80 25 56 78 58 103 134 77 99 110 112 

Making and care for textiles 27 7 19 32 20 36 37 27 34 33 40 

Childcare 30 0 1 0 1 1 0 60 220 30 9 

Help to an adult family member 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 

Care for children and adults, total 31 0 1 0 2 2 3 61 221 32 12 

Pet care 4 2 2 1 96 3 4 5 7 8 

Walking the dog (obligatory time) 10 7 6 3 14 12 6 12 7 18 18 

Caring for pets, total 14 98 4 24 18 916 12 25 27 

Care total 45 9 9 4 26 21 12 76 233 57 39 

Volunteer work 8 1 1 7 8 11 10 7 10 16 12 

Informal help to other households 1913 21 7 11 34 2914 10 24 27 

Volunteer work and help, total 26 14 22 14 19 45 39 21 19 40 39 

Vehicle repair and maintenance 6 3 2 1 8 10 6 1 8 14 11 

Travel related to household care 3 1 1 2 3 5 5 2 5 3 5 

Travel related to shopping and services 22 11 13 10 33 25 24 24 27 3926 

Transporting a child 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 916 9 1 

Transporting an adult family member 1 0 0 0 3 3 1 0 2 3 3 

Travel related to volunteer work 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 2 

Travel related to informal help to other 

households 4 2 5 2 4 6 6 2 3 5 7 

Travel related to domestic work,total 40 16 21 16 52 49 43 39 65 75 55 

Shopping for groceries 18 912 12 20 22 23 19 23 29 27 

Shopping for other goods 20 10 11 8 30 20 25 21 25 43 29 

Services 3 1 2 1 4 5 5 3 3 4 5 

Shopping and services, total 42 21 25 21 54 47 53 43 52 77 61 

Household management 4 2 3 3 4 6 6 2 5 96 

Domestic work 

(non-SNA production), total 350 120 203 229 293 429 476 349 610 540 485 

Own-account house construction and 

renovation 5 3 1 0 2 95 0 13 6 4 

Gardening (edible plants) 5 1 3 4 1 918 1 4 9 11 

Hunting, fishing, picking berries and 

mushrooms 8 1 5 6 8 16 11 8 7 12 17 

Domestic work 

(SNA-production), total 18 4 9 10 11 34 35 9 23 27 32 

Domestic work, total 369 124 212 239 304 463 511 358 634 567 517 


Appendix 2. Principles for the classification of 

consumption between intermediate consumption, 

capital goods and final consumption 

Final consumption products: 

– All goods that are not related to household production (leisure, personal 

consumption). 

– In the category of food, final consumption products were defined as consisting of 

foods that are consumed without cooking or heating as a snack or a meal (e.g. crisps, 

ready-to-eat meals). However, ready-to-eat meals that are heated at home, were 

classified as final consumption products (prepared pizzas, microwave meals). Fruit 

were classified as final consumption goods even though they have to be washed and 

often peeled before consumption. Exception was made in apples which were 

classified as intermediate consumption goods. They were to represent all fruit used 

as ingredients in meal preparation and baking. 

– Services that are purchased as a substitute for household production are classified as 

final consumption products (child day care, meal services, laundry services, cobbler), 

but if the service constitutes only part of household production, it is defined as an 

intermediate consumption service (babysitting at the child’s home). 

Intermediate consumption goods and services: 

– Intermediate consumption goods and services were defined as consisting of those 

foods that do not in themselves constitute a snack or meal (cold cuts, condiments) or 

– that require further processing other than just heating and serving. 

– The repair of appliances and machines used in household production were classified 

as intermediate consumption services. 

– Household textiles are intermediate consumption goods because they are used as 

accessories for housing services. 

Capital goods: 

Durable goods (D) and semi-durable goods (SD) are capital goods. For example, large 

household appliances are durable goods and small household appliances, tableware and 

other similar durable products were reclassified as semi-durable goods. These categories 

include those products and appliances that are needed in household production. (NB. 

This classification differs from the recommendations of Eurostat’s HHSA task force, 

according to which only COICOP-Durables are defined as capital goods). 

For some expenditure categories (e.g. housing, communications, transport), a 

percentage share is allocated to the various functions of household production in 

proportion to time use. For health care expenditure, only spectacles and contact lenses 

are included, using the same percentage as time used in household labour as a 

proportion of waking hours. 

Appendix 3 shows the breakdown of household consumption by principal function: 

housing (H), meals and snacks (M), clothing (Cl) and care (C). In some cases 

consumption is divided between two principal functions (e.g. H/M). Furthermore, 

travel related to unpaid work and services are classified separately. 


Appendix 3. Intermediate consumption, 

household capital (durables and semi-durables) 

and final consumption by principal function 

Principal function 

Role in household production 

H Housing IC Interemediate consumption 

M Meals and snacks SD Semi durables 

Cl Clothing and clothing care D Durables 

C Care F Goods /services for final consumption 

Principal Category COICOP Commodity 

function 

Classification 



H IC A0313103 Leather and rubber mittens 

H IC A04111S1 Rent of rental dwelling 

H IC A0412101 Rent of another dwelling 

H IC A0412201 Rent of free-time resindence 

H IC A0432101 Maintenance and repair for rental dwelling 

H IC A0432102 Maintenance and repair for dwelling provided as a benefit in kind 

H / M / Cl IC A0451101 0,72 * Electricity for dwelling 

H / M / Cl IC A0451102 0,72*Electricity for free-time residence 

H / M / Cl IC A0452101 0,72 * Town gas and natural gas 

H IC A0453101 Fuel oil for main residence 

H IC A0453102 Oil for free-time residence 

H IC A0454101 Firewood 

H IC A0454102 Firewood, waste wood and peat: own or benefit in kind 

H IC A0454103 Firewood, waste wood and peat for free-time residence 

H IC A0513101 Repair of furniture, furnishings, rugs, etc. 

H IC A0513101 Repair of rugs and other household textiles 

H IC A0541105 Decorative and bathroom objects 

H IC A05413S2 Buckets, washbowls, laundryand wastebaskets, scissors, etc. 

H IC A05521s1 Repair of keys, locks, cashboxes, fire alarms, etc. 

H IC A0561103 Other washing and polishing substances 

H IC A0561104 Insecticides and insect repellents 

H IC A0561201 Paper towels 

H IC A0561205 Paper sheets, paper bags, self paper 

H IC A0561207 Plastic shopping and rubbish bags, etc. 

H IC A0561305 Candles 

H IC A05613S1 Cleaning equipment, needles, nails, glue, etc. 

H IC A0562201 Machinery rental, interior design, etc. 

H IC A09151S1 Repair of television, computer, etc. 

H IC A0932102 Houseplants and houseplant bulbs 

H IC A0932103 Houseplant soil and fertilisers 

H / M IC A0932104 0,5*Garden plant seedlings, seeds and bulbs 

H / M IC A0932105 0,5*Peat, garden plant fertilisers 

H IC A0932106 Flower pots, flower stalks, etc. 

H IC A0942301 Television licence 

H IC A12421S1 Insurance for household movables 


Appenndix 3 (cont.) 


function 


Household capital 

H D A0511101 Dining tables 

H D A0511102 Other tables 

H D A0511103 Sofas 

H D A0511104 Living-room sets 

H D A0511105 Armchairs and rocking chairs 

H D A0511106 Chairs and stools 

H D A0511107 Bookshelves and bookcases 

H D A0511108 Chests and wardrobes 

H D A0511109Beds 

H D A0511110 Lamps and shades 

H D A0511111 Garden furniture 

H D A0511112 Other furniture 

H D A0511113 Paintings and graphics, incl. frames 

H D A0511116 Mirrors and decorative objects 

H D A05111S1 Art objects 

H D A0512101 Rugs and carpets 

H SD A0521101 Mattresses, quilts, blankets, counterpanes and pillows 

H SD A0521102 Sheets and pillowcases, incl. fabrics 

H SD A0521103 Towels and face-cloths, incl. fabrics 

H SD A0521104 Curtains and draperies, incl. fabrics 

H SD A0521107 Oil and plastic tablecloths, etc. 

H SD A05211S1 Rya rugs and other household textiles 

H D A0531401 Free-standing electric, etc. heaters 

H D A0531402 Free-standing air conditioning units 

H D A05315S1 Vacuum cleaner, floor and window washing machine 

H D A0531701 Other major household appliances 

H D A0551101 Electric hand tools 

H D A05511S1 Garden machinery and equipment, welding equipment, etc. 

H SD A0552101 Hammers, axes, saws, knives, etc. hand tools 

H SD A0552102 Garden and other outdoor tools 

H SD A0552103 Incandescent, fluorescent and halogen lamps 

H SD A0552104 Fuses, electric wires, sockets, etc. 

H SD A0552105 Torches, batteries, bulbs 

H SD A05521S1 Keys, locks, cashboxes, fire alarms, etc. 

H D A0911101 Radio and amplifier 

H D A0911201 Television sets 

Final consumption 

H F A0562203 Laundry services of household textiles 

H F A0932101 Cut flowers and funeral wreaths 

H F A11211S1 Hotel expensies, farm, etc. holidays with full board in Finland 

H / C F A1231101 0,5 * Housekeeper 

H Paid staff 0,5*Paid cleaner 




Principal COICOP Products 

function Classification 

SNA-production of food for own use 

M A0111801 Wheat flower 

M A0111802 Barley flower 

M A0111803 Rye flower 

M A0111807 Oat groats, flakes and grains 

M A0112102 Meat of bovine animals, with bone 

M A0112204 Other meat of swine with bone 

M A0112301 Meat of sheep and goat 

M A0112401 Poultry 

M A0112801 Meat of reindeer 

M A0112802 Venison, other meat and game 

M A0113101 Baltic herring 

M A0113102 Small whitefish 

M A0113103 Salmon 

M A0113104 Rainbow trout 

M A0113105 Other fresh fish 

M 

A0113109Fish n.e.c. 

M A01141S1 Whole milk 

M A0114701 Eggs 

M A0116301 Apples 

M A0116602 Black currants 

M A0116603 Red and white currants 

M A0116604 Strawberries 

M A0116605 Other garden berries 

M A0116606 Blueberries 

M A0116607 Lingonberries and cranberries 

M A0116608 Cloudberries and other wild berries 

M A0117102 Lettuce 

M A0117103 Fresh herbs 

M A0117104 Spinach, celery, parsley and other leaf and stem vegetables 

M A0117201 Cabbage 

M A0117202 Cauliflower 

M A0117203 Broccoli, red cabbage, Brussels sprouts and other cabbages 

M A0117301 Tomatoes 

M A0117302 Cucumbers 

M A0117303 Pepper 

M A01173S1 Peas, beans, zucchinis, pumpkins, aubergines, etc. 

M A0117401 Carrots 

M A0117405 Onion 

M A0117406 Champignons 

M A0117407 Other mushrooms 

M A01174S1 Other root crops 

M A0117701 Potatoes 

M A0118203 Honey 


M A0931209 Fishing and hunting supplies 

M / H A0932104 0,5*Garden plant seedlings, seeds and bulbs 

M / H A0932105 0,5*Peat, garden plant fertilisers 


M A0931208 Fishing and hunting gear 




function 




M IC A0111101 Rice, rice flakes and flour 

M IC A0111201 Crispbread and rye crackers 

M IC A0111202 Rye bread 

M IC A0111203 Wheat bread 

M IC A0111204 Other bread 

M IC A0111205 Bread n.e.c. 

M IC A0111208 Taco shells and tortillas, etc. 

M IC A01113S1 Macaroni, spaghetti and other pasta products 

M IC A0111701 Pre-prepared dough, pizza dough, etc. 

M IC A0111801 Wheat flour 

M IC A0111802-3 Barley flour, rye flour 

M IC A0111804 Potato flour, barley and corn starch 

M IC A0111805 Wholemeal wheat flour 

M IC A0111806 Other flours and mixed flour 

M IC A0111807 Oat groats, flakes and grains 

M IC A0111808 Semolina 

M IC A01118S1 Other groats, flakes and grains 

M IC A0112101 Meat of bovine animals, boneless 

M IC A0112102 Meat of bovine animals, with bone 

M IC A0112103 Seasoned beef, uncooked 

M IC A0112201 Meat of swine, boneless 

M IC A0112202 Pork chops 

M IC A0112203 Ham, uncooked 

M IC A0112204 Other meat of swine with bone 

M IC A0112205 Seasoned pork, uncooked 

M IC A0112301 Meat of sheep and goat 

M IC A0112401 Poultry 

M IC A0112501 Salami 

M IC A0112504 Liver pâté and pastes 

M IC A0112505 Frankfurters 

M IC A0112506 Ring sausages 

M IC A0112507 Other cooking sausages 

M IC A0112508 Sausages n.e.c. 

M IC A01125S1 Other sausages, cold cuts 

M IC A0112605 Other cured meat 

M IC A01126S1 Grilled, smoked, cooked and cured meat 

M IC A01126S2 Grilled, cured, etc. poultry 

M IC A0112701 Meat preserves 

M IC A0112702 Other preserved meat preparations 

M IC A0112703 Cabbage rolls 

M IC A01127S1 Meat balls, patties of minced meat and poultry 

M IC A0112801 Meat of reindeer 

M IC A0112802 Venison, other meat and game 

M IC A0112803 Liver and kidneys 

M IC A0112804 Blood, tongue, bone, knuckle, etc. 

M IC A0112805 Minced meat 

M IC A0112806 Mixed meat for Karelian stew 

M IC A0112807 Meat n.e.c. 

M IC A0113101 Baltic herring 

M IC A0113102 Small whitefish 

M IC A0113103 Salmon 

M IC A0113104 Rainbow trout 

M IC A0113105 Other fresh fish 

M IC A0113106 Coley 

M IC A0113107 Baltic herring fillets 

M IC A0113108 Other fish fillets 

M IC A0113109Fish n.e.c. 




function 



Intermediate consumption (cont.) 

M IC A0113201 Crayfish, shrimps, squid, etc. 

M IC A0113301 Salted fish 

M IC A0113302 Dried or cooked cod 

M IC A0113303 Smoked and grilled fish 

M IC A0113304 Cooked, smoked, etc. seafood 

M IC A0113404 Fish fingers, other breaded fish products 

M IC A01134S1 Herring and Baltic herring preserves 

M IC A01134S2 Tuna fish preserves 

M IC A01134S3 Other fish and seafood preserves 

M IC A01141S1 Whole milk 

M IC A0114201 Low-fat and semi-skimmed milk 

M IC A0114205 Milk n.e.c. 

M IC A0114301 Milk powder 

M IC A0114501 Emmenthal 

M IC A0114502 Edam 

M IC A0114503 Cheese rich in fat 

M IC A0114504 Processed cheese 

M IC A01145S1 Other cheeses, curd, etc. cheese products 

M IC A0114601 Cream, processed cream, light cream 

M IC A01146S1 Curdled, sour and cooking cream, crème fraiche 

M IC A0114701 Eggs 

M IC A0115101 Butter 

M IC A0115102 Butter-vegetable oil mixture 

M IC A0115201 Soft margarine 

M IC A0115202 Cooking margarine 

M IC A0115401 Edible oils 

M IC A0116103 Other citrus fruit 

M IC A0116301 Apples 

M IC A0116602 Black currants 

M IC A0116603 Red and white currants 

M IC A0116604 Strawberries 

M IC A0116605 Other garden berries 

M IC A0116606 Blueberries 

M IC A0116607 Lingonberries and cranberries 

M IC A0116608 Cloudberries and other wild berries 

M IC A0116609Frozen berrymixies and berries n.e.c. 

M IC A0116801 Nuts and almonds 

M IC A0116802 Raisins 

M IC A0116803 Other dried fruit and berries 

M IC A0116901 Fruit and berry preserves 

M IC A0117101 Chinese cabbage 

M IC A0117102 Lettuce 

M IC A0117103 Fresh herbs 

M IC A0117104 Spinach, celery, parsley and other leaf and stem vegetables 

M IC A0117201 Cabbage 

M IC A0117202 Cauliflower 

M IC A0117203 Broccoli, red cabbage, Brussels sprouts and other cabbages 

M IC A0117301 Tomatoes 

M IC A0117302 Cucumbers 

M IC A0117303 Pepper 

M IC A01173S1 Peas, beans, zucchinis, pumpkins, aubergines, etc. 

M IC A0117401 Carrots 

M IC A0117405 Onion 

M IC A0117406 Champignons 

M IC A0117407 Other mushrooms 

M IC A0117408 Frozen mixes of vegetables and root crops 




function 



Intermediate consumption (cont.) 

M IC A0117409Vegetables n.e.c. 

M IC A01174S1 Other root crops 

M IC A0117501 Dried peas, beans, mushrooms, vegetables and root crops 

M IC A0117601 Pickled cucumbers 

M IC A0117602 Pickled beetroots 

M IC A0117603 Other vegetable and root crop preserves 

M IC A0117701 Potatoes 

M IC A0117801 Mashed potato flakes 

M IC A0117803 French-fried potatoes, etc. 

M IC A0117805 Other potato products 

M IC A0118101 Lump sugar 

M IC A0118102 Granulated sugar 

M IC A0118103 Fruit sugar 

M IC A0118104 Other sugar 

M IC A0118201 Jams and purees 

M IC A0118202 Marmalades 

M IC A0118203 Honey 

M IC A0118601 Molasses 

M IC A0119101 Vinegar 

M IC A0119102 Mustard 

M IC A0119103 Ketchups 

M IC A0119104 Mayonnaises, salad dressings and barbecue sauces 

M IC A0119105 Gravies and sauce powders 

M IC A0119201 Garlic (fresh or dried) 

M IC A0119204 Spices 

M IC A0119205 Culinary herbs 

M IC A01192S1 Salt and herbal salt 

M IC A0119301 Yeast 

M IC A0119302 Baking powder and baking soda 

M IC A0119303 Preservatives and sweeteners, etc. 

M IC A0119304 Dessert sauces, pudding powders, etc. 

M IC A0119305 Meat stock cubes and dehydrated meat buillon soups 

M IC A0119306 Fish stock cubes and dehydrated fish stock soups 

M IC A0119307 Dehydrated vegetable soups, vegetable stock cubes 

M IC A0119410 Food products n.e.c. 

M IC A01211S1 Coffee and instant coffee 

M IC A01212S1 Tea and herbal tea 

M IC A0121301 Cocoa, powdered chocolate and ready-to-drink chocolate 

M IC A0122302 Berry and fruit squashes 

M IC A0122303 Juices n.e.c. 

M IC A0122402 Light beer and mead extracts 

M IC A0214101 Home-made wine and home-brewed beer kits 

M IC A0561101 Dishwashing substances and clarifiers 

M IC A0561202 Filter bags 

M IC A0561203 Other kitchen paper products and tin toil 

M IC A0561204 Disposable dinnerware 

M IC A0561206 Plastic wrap, plastic freezer bags, shelf paper 

M IC A0561306 Charcoal, ignition liquid, oil for lamps 

M / H IC A0533101 0,5*Repair and spare parts of household appliances 

M / H IC A0932104 0,5*Garden plant seedlings, seeds and bulbs 

M / H IC A0932105 0,5*Peat, garden plant fertilisers 

M / H / Cl IC A0451101 0,24*Electricity for dwelling 

M / H / Cl IC A0451102 0,24*Electricity for free-time residence 

M / H / Cl IC A0452101 0,24*Town gas and natural gas 

M / H / Cl IC A442101 +A442102 0,2*Water supply and sewage collection 




function 



M SD A0532101 Food processors and mixers 

M SD A0532102 Beater, blender and juicer 

M SD A0532103 Coffee percolator and tea kettle 

M SD A0532104 Toaster, waffle iron, etc. 

M SD A0532106 Other household appliances 

M SD A0541101 Drinking glasses 

M SD A0541102 Coffee and tea cups, mugs 

M SD A0541103 Plates and desserts bowls 

M SD A0541104 Bowls and jugs 

M SD A0541201 Knives, forks and spoons 

M SD A0541202 Cooking utensils 

M SD A05413S1 Babybottles and nipples 

M SD A0541302 Pots, pans and coffee pots 

M SD A0541303 Frying pans and oven casseroles 

M SD A0541304 Other kitchen containers 

M D A0531101 Refrigerator and refrigerator-cooler 

M D A0531102 Refrigerator-freezer combination 

M D A0531103 Freezer 

M D A0531201 Dishwasher 

M D A05313S1 Kitchen range, oven and cooking top 

M D A0531303 Microwave oven 

M D A0531304 Electric and gas grill, bread machine, etc. 

M D A0531403 Cooker hoods 

Final consumption (ready-to-eat foods) 

M F A0111102 Liver casserole 

M F A0111103 Other rice products 

M F A0111206 Rusks and bagels 

M F A0111207 Biscuits and wafers 

M F A01114S1 Pizzas, hamburgers, crepes 

M F A01115S1 Pies, pasties and meat pasties, etc. 

M F A0111601 Sweet bun loaf 

M F A0111604 French pastries, cakes and sweet pies 

M F A01116S1 Danish pastries, doughnuts and buns 

M F A0111813 Corn flakes and other ready-to-eat breakfast cereals 

M F A0111814 Muesli and other grain-fruit mixtures 

M F A0111815 Pop corn and other snacks of grain 

M F A01119S1 Ready-made gruels and porridges, Easter pudding 

M F A0112606 Meat in aspic 

M F A0112704 Meat cabbage and meat potato casseroles, etc. 

M F A01127S2 Ready-to-eat soups and salads of meat, poultry, etc. 

M F A01127S3 Blood pancakes, blood sausages, etc. 

M F A01127S4 Ready-to-eat meals of meat and other meat preparations 

M F A0113405 Baltic herring casseroles, etc. 

M F A01134S4 Ready-to-eat meals and salads of fish and seafood 

M F A0114202 Skimmed milk 

M F A01142S1 Processed milk (low in lactose) and infant formulas 

M F A01144S1 Curdled milk 

M F A01144S2 Yoghurt 

M F A0114602 Sour milk and kefir 

M F A0114605 Puddings 

M F A0116101 Oranges 

M F A0116102 Mandarins 

M F A0116201 Bananas 

M F A0116601 Grapes 

M F A01167S1 Other fresh fruits 

M F A0116902 Infants' juices and purees 




function 


M F A0116903 Read-to-eat berry and fruit soups and puddings 

M F A0117606 Vegetable and root crop salads 

M F A01176S1 Vegetarian patties and other ready-to-eat meals of vegetables 

M F A01176S2 Vegetable and root crop soups, casseroles, etc. 

M F A0117802 Potato crisps, etc. 

M F A0117804 Potato salad 

M F A0118301 Chocolate bars and confectionery 

M F A0118401 Sweets, lozenges, etc. confectionery 

M F A0118402 Chewing gums 

M F A0118503 Fruit-flavoured ice lollies 

M F A01185S1 Ice cream 

M F A0119308 Meat, fish, vegetable foods for infants 

M F A0122101 Mineral waters 

M F A0122201 Soft drinks 

M F A0122301 Juice drinks, juices and nectars 

M F A0122401 Vegetable juices 

M F A0122403 Other non-alcoholic drinks 

M F A1111101 Meat steaks and cutlets 

M F A1111102 Ground beef patties, meat balls 

M F A1111103 Meat and sausage soups 

M F A1111104 Meat, etc. casseroles and risottos 

M F A1111105 Fish, fried or boiled 

M F A1111106 Fish soup 

M F A1111107 Fish casserole, risotto, etc. 

M F A1111110 Other vegetable preparations 

M F A1111111 Salads 

M F A1111113 Pizzas 

M F A1111114 Meat pasties, hot dogs, etc. 

M F A1111117 Lunch, buffet-style meals 

M F A1111118 Meal in restaurant unspecified, tips, servcice charges 

M F A1111126 Milk and sour milk 

M F A11111S1 Pea soup and other vegetable soups 

M F A11111S2 Hamburgers, hamburger meals, French-fried potaoes 

M F A11111S3 Dessert, ice cream, etc. 

M F A11111S4 Coffee, tea, cocoa and pastry 

M F A11111S5 Other non-alcoholic beverages 

M F A1112101 Food benefit, subsidised meals 

M F A1112102 Paid subsidiced meals 

M F A1112103 Drinks and snacks at work 

M F A1112104 Paid school lunches 

M F A11121S1 Other paid meals and snacks 

M / C F A1231102 0,5* Meals, day care, etc. services for the aged 

Alcoholic beverages 

M F A02111S1 Spirits and liqueurs 

M F A0212101 Ciders 

M F A0212102 Wines 

M F A0212201 Long drinks and other light drink mixes 

M F A0213101 Light beer 

M F A0213102 Medium-strength beer 

M F A0213103 Strong beer 

M F A1111130 Beer 

M F A1111131 Other alcoholic beverages 





function 



Cl IC A0311101 Clothing materials 

Cl IC A0313106 Wool and cotton yarns, etc. 

Cl IC A0313107 Sewing supplies 

Cl / H / M IC A442101 +A442102 0,14*Water supply and sewage collection 

Cl / H / M IC A0451101 0,044*Electricity for dwelling 

Cl / H / M IC A0451102 0,044*Electricity for free-time residence 

Cl / H / M IC A0452101 0,044*Town gas and natural gas 

Cl / M IC A0533101 0,5*Repair and spare parts of household appliances 

Cl IC A0561102 Washing, rinsing and dying substances for textiles 

Cl IC A0562202 Laundrette and mangle rental 


Cl D A0531202 Washing machines, tumble dryers and drying cabinets 

Cl D A0531203 Mangle and ironing machine 

Cl D A0531601 Sewing and knitting machines, hand looms 

Cl SD A0532105 Irons and ironing centres 


Cl F A0312331 Baby clothes (0 to 2 years) 

Cl F A0312S01 Winter, fur, poplin and duffel coats, burberries, etc. overcoats 

Cl F A0312S02 Thermal and wind garments, rainwear 

Cl F A0312S03 Blazers, suits, two-piece suits and trousers 

Cl F A0312S04 Dresses, skirts, trouser skirts, etc. 

Cl F A0312S05 Pullovers, cardigans and knitwaists 

Cl F A0312S06 Shirts, blouses and waists 

Cl F A0312S07 T-shirts 

Cl F A0312S08 Denim jeans and overalls 

Cl F A0312S09Shorts and shorts overalls 

Cl F A0312S10 Sweatshirts and track suits 

Cl F A0312S11 Gym and swimming costumes, beach wear 

Cl F A0312S12 Dressing gowns, bathrobes, dungarees 

Cl F A0312S13 Underwear 

Cl F A0312S14 Night garments 

Cl F A0312S15 Socks, stockings and tights 

Cl F A0312S20 Garments n.e.c. 

Cl F A0313101 Scarves, ties, belts, braces, etc. 

Cl F A0313102 Gloves and mittens 

Cl F A0313104 Headgear 

Cl F A0313105 Earmuffs, sleeve protectors, loose collars, etc. 

Cl F A0314101 Cleaning, repair and hire of clothing 

Cl F A0321S01 Winter shoes 

Cl F A0321S02 Walking and party shoes 

Cl F A0321S03 Rubber and plastic boots 

Cl F A0321S04 Running shoes 

Cl F A0321S05 Other footwear, soles, laces, etc. 

Cl F A0322101 Repair and hire of footwear 



Childcare and care ofadults in need 


function 



C V A09311S1 Toys, minor musical instruments, Gameboys 

C V A1212223 Other infant care articles 

C V A12122S4 Nappies and dummies, etc. 


C SD A12222S1 Baby carriages, car seats, back and front carriers, etc. 


C / H F A1231101 0,5*Housekeeper 

C / M F A1231102 0,5* Meals, day care, etc. services for the aged 

C F A1231203 Municipal family day care 

C F A1231204 Private family day care 

C F A12312S1 Day care centres 

C F A12312S2 Play schools, playgrounds, etc. 



C IC A0933104 0,5*Supplies and medicines for pets 

C IC A09331S1 Pet food 

C IC A0942401 Veterinary and other services for pets 


C SD A0933101 Dogs, cats and other pets 

C SD A0933104 0,5*Supplies and medicines for pets 



Travel related to housework 

Category COICOP Commodity 


(Share of travel related to housework accounts for 30 per cent of all households' travels 


IC A0721101 Car spare parts 

IC A0721102 Car accessories and repair tools, etc. 

IC A07211S1 Spare parts and accessories of other vehicles 

IC A0722101 Petrol 

IC A0722102 Other fuels 

IC A07221S1 Lubricants, coolants and antifreezes, etc. 

IC A0723101 Car maintenance 

IC A07231S1 Repair of transport equipment 

IC A0724101 Rent of garage or equivalent 

IC A0724102 Road maintenance charges for owner-occupied dwelling 

IC A0724103 Road maintenance charges for free-time residence 

IC A0724104 Parking fees, bridge tolls, etc. 

IC A0724105 Car rentals, etc. operating expenses for private vehicles 

IC A0724108 Motor vehicle inspection fees 

IC 

A0724109Other stamp duties and statutory fees 

IC A1244101 Compulsory third-party motor insurance 

IC A1244102 Other motor vehicle insurance 

IC A1244103 Motor vehicle insurance n.e.c. 


D A0711101 Purchase of new motor cars 

D A0711201 Purchase of second-hand motor cars 

D A0712101 Motor cycles 

D A0712102 Mopeds 

D A0712103 Snow mobiles 

D A0713101 Bicycles 


F A0730101 Overseas travel tickets 

F A0731103 Long-distance train trips (50 km or more) 

F A0732103 Long-distance coach trips (50 km or more) 

F A0732104 Taxi fares 

F A0733101 Passanger transport by air, sea and inland waterway in Finland 

F A0735101 Transport of goods, luggage storage 

F A0736101 Vehicle provided as a benefit in kind 




Category Proportin COICOP Commodity 

of total Classification 

expenditure 

for shopping 

and services 

Share of expensies related to household services, % 


IC 3% A07311S1 Short-distance train trips 

IC 3% A07321S1 Short-distance bus trips 

IC 3% A0811101 Postal services 

IC 3% A0813101 Telephone bills: main residence 

IC 3% A0813102 Telephone bills: free-time residence 

IC 3% A0813103 Mobile call charges 

IC 3% A08131S1 Pay cards, slot telephones and telegrams 

IC 3% A08131S2 Internet services 

IC 3% A09521S1 Newspapers 

IC 3% A09521S2 Periodicals 

IC 100% A1251101 Bank service charges, etc. 


D 21% A0611301 Spectacles and contact lenses 

D 21% A06113s1 Other therapeutic appliances and equipment 

D 3% A0812101 Mobile phones 

D 3% A0812102 Telephones, answering machines, pagers 

D 3% A0812103 Telefax equipment 

D 3% A0913101 Personal computers, peripherals, programmes and software 


Appendix 4. Value ofNon-SNA production 

using different wage concepts 

Table 1. Value of Non-SNA production using different wage concepts 

Gross wages 


Meals and 

snacks 

Clothing Care Pet care Volunteer 

work 

Value of labour (incl. related travel 

and errands), housekeepers' gross 

wages 9.99 euros/hour 17 107 16 559 5 914 5 570 2 159 5 046 52 355 

Taxes on production 14 15 7 6 6 8 56 

Subsidies on production –704 –704 

Value added, net 17 121 16 573 5 922 4 872 2 165 5 055 51 708 

Consumption of fixed capital 1 897 637 135 66 62 41 2 839 

Value added, gross 19 018 17 210 6 057 4 938 2 227 5 096 54 547 

Intermediate consumption 6 901 5 959 521 351 325 255 14 312 

Value of output 25 919 23 169 6 578 5 290 2 552 5 351 68 859 

Gross gross wages 



snacks 


work 


and errands), housekeepers' gross 

gross wages 11.99 euros/hou 20 528 19 870 7 097 6 684 2 591 6 056 62 826 








Net wages *) 



snacks 


work 


and errands), housekeepers' net 

wages 7.20 euros/hour 12 334 11 939 4 264 4 016 1 557 3 638 37 748 








Total 

Total 

Total 

Table 2 . 

Gross value added of household production as a proportion of the total economy using 

different wage concepts 

Gross value added of 

household production, 

Million euros 

Value added of non-SNA 

household production, 

proportion of GDP, % 

Gross value added of total 

household production (SNA + 

non-SNA),proportion of GDP,% 

Gross gross wages 65 018 48.0 57.6 

Gross wages 54 547 40.3 49.4 

Net wages (income tax 27.9 %) 39 940 29.5 37.9 

GDP in 2001 135 500 

GDP in 2001 without SNA household 

production for own use 

(135 500 – 8 292) 127 208 8 292 

* Tax percentage is based on figures from Taxpayers' Association of Finland, whose calculations were based on a monthly income of 

1,500 euros and tax rates for 2001. No other tax deductions were made from annual wages than those made by the authorities, and 

the calculations were based on average municipal and church tax rates. 


Appendix 5. Housing services produced by 

owner-occupiers in the National Accounts and 

Household Budget Survey, million euros in 2001 

National accounts concepts 

million 

euros 

Household Budget Survey concepts 

million 

euros 

Value of output 

(Output for own final use) 10 714 Imputed gross rent 10 694 

– Consumption of capital 3 060 – Depreciation 2 373 

(Real estate tax) (121) (Real estate tax) (121) 

– Intermediate consumption goods and 

services, including water and waste 

management and chimney sweeping 

3 270 – Intermediate consumption goods and 

services that are included in estimated 

rent (code 042), i.e. capital and 

maintenance charges, share of insurance 

premiums and repairs 

– Intermediate consumption goods and 

services carried over from true 

consumption expenditure (water, waste 

management, hot water, chimney 

sweeping) 

2 304 

563 

= Net operating surplus 4 384 = Imputed net rent 5 454 

Capital charges of 96.2 million euros and interests on mortgages (1,337 

million euros) are included in other household sector accounts. 

The figures from the Household Budget Survey were raised to the national 

accounting level by factors obtained from the ratio of the national accounts 

and Household Budget Survey figures above. 


Appendix 6. Production and generation ofincome account, 

all households 

All households 

Million euros, year 2001 

Principal function Housing Meals and 

snacks 

Production account 

Services Ownaccount 

SNA 

nonof 

owneroccupied 

house 

dwellings, construction, 

SNA SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 



laundry 

non- 

SNA 

Care 

non- 

SNA 

Pet 

care 

non- 

SNA 

Volunteer 

work 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

Value of labour (work hours * 

houskeeper's wage 9,99 €/h; incl. 

related travel and errands) 17 107 16 5595 914 5 570 2 159 5 046 52 355 52 355 

Compensation of paid domestic 

staff (SNA) 69 69 

Services of owner-occupied 

dwellings (SNA) 4 270 4 270 4 270 

Own-account construction of dwellings 

(SNA) 632 632 632 

Agricultural production, fishing, hunting, 

berry picking etc. for own use (SNA) 91 91 91 

Taxes on production (real estate tax, 

fishing/ hunting licence fees, dog tax) 121 – 18 – 4 140 4 144 

Taxes on production (proportion of 

annual vehicle tax) 14 15 7 6 2 8 52 52 

Subsidies on production –704 –704 –704 

Value added, net 4 460 632 17 121 110 16 573 5 922 4 872 2 165 5 055 5 202 51 708 56 910 

Consumption of fixed capital 3 060 1 763 35 503 88 30 44 3 095 2 427 5 522 


(proportion of vehicles) 109108 3930 14 33 332 332 

Consumption of fixed capital (proportion 

of durables for running errands) 26 26 97 4 8 7979 

Consumption of fixed capital, total 3 060 1 897 35 637 135 66 62 41 3 095 2 839 5 934 

Value added, gross 7 520 632 19 018 145 17 210 6 057 4 938 2 227 5 096 8 297 54 547 62 844 

Intermediate consumption 3 194 1 164 6 491 75 5 523 312 194 260 4 432 12 779 17 211 

IC proportion of housework related 

travel 361 383 184 133 63 225 1 3491 349 


errands 4952 25 24 2 31 184 184 

Intermediate consumption, total 3 194 1 164 6 901 75 5 959 521 351 325 255 4 432 14 312 18 744 

Output 10 714 1 796 25 919 220 23 169 6 578 5 290 2 552 5 351 12 730 68 859 81 588 

Interests of mortgages 1 337 

Capital charges for housing 96 

Gross fixed capital formation, total 3 934 – 2 464 45 796 258 137 53 119 3 979 3 828 7 807 

Durables 1 934 571 253 105 119 2 983 

Semidurables 530 45 225 5 32 53 845 

Time used to unpaid work, 

million hours 72 1 712 1 658 592 558 216 505 5 241 


Appendix 7. Production and income generation accounts 

by household type and income quintile 

PERSONS LIVING ALONE, under 45 years 

Million euros, 2001 

Principal function Housing Meals and snacks Clothing 


Production account SNA non- 

SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

laundry 

non- 

SNA 

Care Pet care Volunteer 

work 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

Value of labour (incl. related travel and 

errands), non-SNA; Compensation of paid 

domestic staff, SNA 4 767 756 258 6 197 331 4 2 316 2 321 

Services of owner-occupied dwellings 

(SNA) 156 156 156 


berry picking etc. for own use (SNA) –3 –3 –3 

Taxes on production 2 1 0,2 3 0,2 3 

Taxes on production (proportion of annual 

vehicle tax) 1 1 0,3 0,0 0,2 0,4 2 2 

Subsidies on production – – – 

Value added, net 162 767 –2 757 259 6 198 331 160 2 319 2 479 

Consumption of fixed capital 45 194 4 56 10 – 3 49 


of vehicles) 6 6 2 0 2 3 20 


of durables for running errands) 3 3 1 0 1 1 9 

Consumption of fixed capital, total 45 204 4 65 13 0 5 4 49291 340 

Value added, gross 208 971 2 822 272 6 203 335 210 2 609 2 819 



travel 22 23 11 4 13 73 


errands 5 5 2 1 3 15 

Intermediate consumption, total 2291 163 2 310 26 3 19 15 230 1 533 1 763 

Output 436 2 134 4 1 132 297 9 222 351 440 4 142 4 582 

Gross value added /household, € 655 3 063 7 2 592 856 20 640 1 058 661 8 229 8 890 

Value of output /household, € 1 375 6 731 13 3 569 937 30 701 1 106 1 388 13 063 14 451 

Gross fixed capital formation, total 146 5 26 12 – 4 – 193 

Durables 123 10 11 

Semidurables 23 16 1 4 

Vehicles (proportion) 32 

Durables for errands (proportion) 2 

Purchases for final consumption 20 565 213 – 798 

Time used to unpaid work, million hours 77 76 26 1 20 33 232 


Appendix 7 (cont.) 

PERSONS LIVING ALONE, 45–64 years 




laundry 


SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Care 

non- 

SNA 

Pet care Volunteer 

work 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 



domestic staff, SNA 4 1 065 1 233 40914 156 464 4 3 341 3 345 


(SNA) 394 394 394 



Taxes on production 8 1 0,4 90 10 


vehicle tax) 1 1 0,5 0,0 0,2 1 4 4 


Value added, net 406 1 066 4 1 234 410 14 157 464 411 3 345 3 755 

Consumption of fixed capital 148 1693 48 8 – 2 152 


(proportion of vehicles) 10 11 4 0,1 1 4 31 


of durables for running errands) 2 3 1 0,0 0,4 1 8 

Consumption of fixed capital, total 148 181 3 62 13 0 4 5 152 266 418 

Value added, gross 554 1 247 8 1 297 423 14 161 470 562 3 611 4 173 



travel 28 32 12 5 26 103 




Output 890 1 873 11 1 718 455 15 181 502 901 4 743 5 643 

Gross value added /household, € 2 046 4 603 294 786 1 561 51 594 1 734 2 075 13 328 15 403 

Value of output /household, € 3 285 6 913 39 6 342 1 679 57 669 1 851 3 324 17 505 20 829 






Purchases for final consumption 39365 120 6 530 




PERSONS LIVING ALONE, 65+ years 




laundry 


SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Care 

non- 

SNA 


work 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 



domestic staff, SNA 24 1 370 1 811 700 – 100 330 24 4 310 4 334 


(SNA) 565 565 565 



Taxes on production 8 0,3 – 8 – 8 


vehicle tax) 1 1 0,5 0,0 0,1 0,3 3 3 





(proportion of vehicles) 13 18 7 – 1 3 42 


of durables for running errands) 2 3 1 – 0,2 1 7 

Consumption of fixed capital, total 203 166 3 64 15 – 2 4 206 252 458 


Intermediate consumption 337 496 2 387 25 – 7 339 913 


travel 11 17 5 – 1 8 43 


errands 4 6 2 – 1 2 14 

Intermediate consumption, total 337 511 2 40932 – 911 339970 1 309 

Output 1 137 2 047 10 2 285 747 0 112 345 1 147 5 535 6 681 

Gross value added /household, € 2 580 4 957 26 6 052 2 309 0 330 1 078 2 605 14 726 17 331 





Liikennekestokulutustavarat, kotityöosuus 1 


Purchases for final consumption 48 234 75 37 394 

Time used to unpaid work, million hours 137 181 70 – 10 33 431 



COUPLES, under 45 years 




laundry 


SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Care 

non- 

SNA 


work 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 



domestic staff, SNA – 1 207 1 121 453 117 281 317 – 3 495 3 495 


(SNA) 139139139 



Taxes on production 3 1 1 4 1 5 


vehicle tax) 1 1 1 0,1 0,3 1 4 4 


Value added, net 142 1 208 –3 1 122 453 111 282 318 139 3 494 3 632 

Consumption of fixed capital 92 154 3 44 8 2 6 95 


(proportion of vehicles) 8 8 3 1 2 2 24 


of durables for running errands) 2 2 1 0,2 1 1 7 


Value added, gross 234 1 373 –0 1 176 465 114 291 321 234 3 739 3 973 



travel 3935 197 7 16 124 


errands 5 4 2 3 – 2 16 


Output 462 2 310 7 1 596 502 133 332 339 468 5 209 5 678 

Gross value added /household, € 1 193 6 999 –1 5 992 2 369 579 1 481 1 635 1 192 19 054 20 245 

Value of output /household, € 2 354 11 760 33 8 132 2 558 680 1 692 1 725 2 387 26 548 28 935 

Gross fixed capital formation, total 224 5 46 16 2 9– 303 


Semidurables 47 24 1 2 9 



Purchases for final consumption 34 650 298 – 982 




COUPLES, 45–64 years 




laundry 


SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Care 

non- 

SNA 


work 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 



domestic staff, SNA 4 2 940 2 659 945 179 349 1 031 4 8 103 8 107 


(SNA) 880 880 880 





vehicle tax) 3 3 1 0,2 0,5 2 11 11 


Value added, net 909 2 944 31 2 663 946 167 350 1 033 941 8 102 9 043 

Consumption of fixed capital 639264 5 75 13 1 7 644 






Value added, gross 1 548 3 232 37 2 760 967 169 361 1 041 1 585 8 531 10 116 



travel 72 80 37 18 12 45 264 



Intermediate consumption, total 565 773 18 1 044 95 24 57 51 583 2 042 2 626 

Output 2 114 4 005 55 3 804 1 063 193 418 1 093 2 168 10 573 12 742 

Gross value added /household, € 4 980 10 396 118 8 878 3 111 544 1 160 3 349 5 098 27 438 32 536 


Gross fixed capital formation, total 351 8 98 23 1 7 – 488 





Purchases for final consumption 50 681 374 2 1 106 




COUPLES, 65+ years 




laundry 


SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Care 

non- 

SNA 


work 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 



domestic staff, SNA 4 2 139 1 974 604 91 101 565 4 5 475 5 480 


(SNA) 483 483 483 



Taxes on production 13 1 0,2 15 0 15 


vehicle tax) 2 2 1 0,1 0,1 1 6 6 










Intermediate consumption 323 284 11 504 291 9 335 826 


travel 31 32 16 5 2 20 105 



Intermediate consumption, total 323 316 11 538 45 6 11 22 335 938 1 272 

Output 1 135 2 608 23 2 567 662 82 115 592 1 158 6 625 7 783 





Semidurables 56 13 0 – 2 







SINGLE-PARENT FAMILIES, youngest child 0–17 years 




laundry 


SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Care 

non- 

SNA 


work 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 



domestic staff, SNA – 444 521 184 345 78 126 – 1 698 1 698 


(SNA) 77 77 77 



Taxes on production 2 0,1 0,1 2 0 2 


vehicle tax) 0,2 0,3 0,1 0,2 0,0 0,1 1 1 


Value added, net 79 444 –1 521 184 322 78 126 78 1 676 1 753 



(proportion of vehicles) 3 3 1 2 0,5 1 12 


of durables for running errands) 1 1 0 1 0,1 0,2 3 


Value added, gross 134 509 0 543 189 326 79 127 134 1 773 1 908 

Intermediate consumption 70 391 1 172 7 12 4 71 585 


travel 8 94 5 1 3 30 


errands 1 1 0,5 1 – 0,4 4 

Intermediate consumption, total 70 400 1 182 11 18 5 3 71 619691 

Output 205 910 1 725 200 344 84 131 206 2 393 2 598 


Value of output /household, € 2 554 11 355 17 9 051 2 501 4 290 1 052 1 631 2 571 29 865 32 436 

Gross fixed capital formation, total 491 8 4 1 1 – 64 









FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN, youngest child 0–6 years 




laundry 


SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Care 

non- 

SNA 


work 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 





(SNA) 437 437 437 





vehicle tax) 2 2 1 4 0,2 1 10 10 







of durables for running errands) 2 2 1 4 0,2 0,5 10 


Value added, gross 947 2 392 22 2 252 799 3 248 197 459 968 9 347 10 315 



travel 60 67 32 60 15 37 272 




Output 1 368 3 253 31 3 137 886 3 442 243 499 1 399 11 460 12 859 









Time used to unpaid work, million hours 215 217 78 380 1946 955 



FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN, youngest child 7–17 years 




laundry 


SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Care 

non- 

SNA 


work 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 





(SNA) 633 633 633 


berry picking etc. for own use (SNA) 292929 

Taxes on production 25 4 1 291 30 


vehicle tax) 2 2 1 1 0,3 1 7 7 







of durables for running errands) 4 3 1 1 0,5 1 10 


Value added, gross 1 316 3 129 37 2 466 881 751 388 791 1 353 8 406 9 759 



travel 53 4928 24 11 28 193 




Output 1 729 3 809 48 3 494 970 808 470 823 1 778 10 374 12 152 

Gross value added /household, € 5 367 12 763 151 10 059 3 592 3 062 1 585 3 227 5 517 34 288 39 805 


Gross fixed capital formation, total 321 9107 25 – 11 – 473 


Semidurables 84 51 1 – 11 







OTHER HOUSEHOLDS 




laundry 


SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Care 

non- 

SNA 


work 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 



domestic staff, SNA 1 2 152 1 930 716 262 334 641 1 6 035 6 035 


(SNA) 509509509 





vehicle tax) 2 2 1 0,2 0,3 1 6 6 

Subsidies on production –29–29–29 


Consumption of fixed capital 441 1693 48 8 0 5 444 


(proportion of vehicles) 10 93 1 1 3 27 







travel 37 3920 16 5 28 145 




Output 1 239 2 970 30 2 712 795 262 374 679 1 269 7 792 9 061 












I-QUINTILE 




laundry 


SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Care 

non- 

SNA 


work 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 





(SNA) 447 447 447 



Taxes on production 7 1 0,2 8 0 8 


vehicle tax) 1 1 0,4 0,2 0,1 0,4 3 3 










Intermediate consumption 300 1 430 5 580 32 6 21 305 2 068 


travel 20 26 10 2 3 12 73 


errands 5 6 2 1 0,2 3 16 


Output 985 3 630 17 3 088 946 442 254 779 1 002 9 140 10 142 



Gross fixed capital formation, total 146 2 37 11 1 2 – 2 196 

Durables 110 1910 








II-QUINTILE 




laundry 


SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Care 

non- 

SNA 


work 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 



domestic staff, SNA 12 3 225 3 348 1 190 560 366 1 011 12 9 700 9 711 


(SNA) 671 671 671 



Taxes on production 192 0,4 22 0,4 22 


vehicle tax) 2 2 1 0,4 0,3 1 8 8 


Value added, net 702 3 227 18 3 350 1 191 477 366 1 012 719 9 624 10 343 







Value added, gross 1 133 3 557 24 3 464 1 216 484 375 1 020 1 157 10 116 11 273 

Intermediate consumption 475 1 348 9856 4919 32 484 2 304 


travel 50 53 26 7 8 35 178 


errands 910 5 3 0,4 6 33 


Output 1 608 4 964 33 4 382 1 295 513 416 1 061 1 641 12 631 14 272 



Gross fixed capital formation, total 2292 72 23 4 4 – 2 332 

Durables 17946 22 








III-QUINTILE 




laundry 


SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Care 

non- 

SNA 


work 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 





(SNA) 832 832 832 





vehicle tax) 3 3 2 1 1 2 12 12 








Consumption of fixed capital, total 516 390 7 132 28 12 11 7 523 580 1 103 

Value added, gross 1 372 3 739 33 3 433 1 077 753 508 816 1 405 10 325 11 730 

Intermediate consumption 612 1 286 14 1 040 55 36 40 626 2 457 


travel 78 8937 26 13 44 287 


errands 8 94 3 0,4 5 30 

Intermediate consumption, total 612 1 372 14 1 139 97 65 53 49 626 2 773 3 399 

Output 1 984 5 111 47 4 571 1 174 817 561 865 2 031 13 098 15 129 












IV-QUINTILE 




laundry 


SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Care 

non- 

SNA 


work 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 



domestic staff, SNA 9 3 884 3 801 1 306 2 108 541 1 335 9 12 973 12 982 


(SNA) 962 962 962 


berry picking etc. for own use (SNA) 292929 

Taxes on production 295 1 35 1 36 


vehicle tax) 4 4 2 2 1 2 15 15 


Value added, net 1 000 3 887 35 3 804 1 308 1 828 542 1 337 1 035 12 707 13 742 






Consumption of fixed capital, total 788 434 8 144 30 28 15 10 796 661 1 457 

Value added, gross 1 788 4 321 43 3 949 1 338 1 856 557 1 347 1 830 13 368 15 199 

Intermediate consumption 7591 248 22 1 349 78 69 63 780 2 808 


travel 109118 54 51 20 69 421 


errands 12 13 6 8 1 8 48 


Output 2 546 5 690 64 5 429 1 476 1 983 641 1 424 2 611 16 644 19 255 








Purchases for final consumption 90 1 369 624 228 2 311 




V-QUINTILE 




laundry 


SNA 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Care 

non- 

SNA 


work 

non- 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 

SNA 

non- 

SNA 

Total 



domestic staff, SNA 25 4 736 3 727 1 488 1 564 533 1 136 25 13 184 13 209 


(SNA) 1 3591 3591 359 





vehicle tax) 4 4 2 2 1 2 15 15 


Value added, net 1 430 4 740 25 3 731 1 490 1 397 535 1 138 1 455 13 032 14 487 

Consumption of fixed capital 1 112 453 9129 23 7 18 1 121 630 





Consumption of fixed capital, total 1 112 486 9156 33 17 22 8 1 121 723 1 843 

Value added, gross 2 542 5 226 34 3 887 1 523 1 414 557 1 146 2 576 13 754 16 330 

Intermediate consumption 1 048 1 178 25 1 698 98 64 104 1 073 3 143 


travel 105 98 57 47 19 65 390 



Intermediate consumption, total 1 048 1 298 25 1 810 163 121 124 74 1 073 3 590 4 663 

Output 3 590 6 524 59 5 697 1 687 1 535 681 1 221 3 649 17 344 20 993 



Gross fixed capital formation, total 8099205 45 8 12 – 91 080 





Purchases for final consumption 146 1 872 1 179369 3 566 

Time used to unpaid work, million hours 446 360 144 155 50 110 1 264 


Appendix 8. Allocation ofelectricity and water 

costs to principal functions 

Household electricity consumption and its allocation to principal 

functions 

Total 

H Electric heating 42.0 

H HPAC- consumption (small houses) 2.8 

H Lighting (indoors and outdoors) 10.4 Housing 

H Other electricity consumption 3.6 72% 

H Entertainment electronics 6.9 

H Sauna with electric heating 5.2 

H Car heating 0.9 

M Meal preparation 7.4 Meals 

M Refrigators, freezers, etc. 14.2 24% 

M Dish washers 2.1 

Cl Washing machines 3.7 Clothing 

Cl Tumble dryers and drying cabinets 0.7 4% 

Total 100% 100% 

Source: Adato Energia Oy 

Household water consumption and its allocation to principal functions 

H Washing (shower, bath, etc.) 49 Housing 

H Toilet 14 66% 

H Other (cleaning, watering, etc.) 3 

M Drinking 1 Meals 

M Eating (meal preparation, dish washing) 19 20% 


Cl Laundry 14 14% 

100% 100% 

Source: Etelämäki L (1999) Veden käyttö Suomessa. (Water consumption in Finland) Finland's 

environmental administration, 305. Helsinki. (in Finnish) 

H = Housing 

M = Meals and snacks 

Cl = Clothing and laundry 


Appendix 9. Sequence of extended accounts 

Table 1. Sequence of extended household accounts, SNA production, non-SNA-production, and volunteer work, million euros 

Total, 

extended 

household 

accounts 

Total 

Services 

of owneroccupied 

dwellings, 

own-account 

house 

construction, 

SNA 

USES 


Other 

production 

for own use, 

SNA 


production, 

non-SNA 

Volunteer 

work, 

non-SNA 

Adjustments 

(SNA - 

non-SNA) 


accounts 

by SNA 

Transactions and balansing items 


accounts 

by SNA 

Adjustments 

(SNA - 

non-SNA) 

Volunteer 

work, 

non-SNA 

RESOURCES 


Household Other 

production, production 

non-SNA 

for own use, 

SNA 

Services of 

owneroccupied 

dwellings, 

own-account 

house construction, 

SNA 

Total 

Total, 

extended 

household 

accounts 


24 047 18 744 4 358 75 14 057 255 –4 432 9 735 

69 129 62 844 8 152 145 49 451 5 096 –8 297 14 582 

8 000 5 934 3 060 35 2 798 41 –3 095 5 161 

61 129 56 910 5 092 110 46 653 5 055 –5 202 9 421 

Output 24 317 –12 730 5 351 63 508 220 12 510 81 588 93 176 


Value added, gross 


Value added, net 

Generation of income 

account 53 070 52 424 69 0 47 309 5 046 –69 715 

85 196 121 18 48 8 –140 29 

–1 788 –704 0 0 –704 0 0 –1 084 

9 761 4 994 4 902 91 0 0 –4 994 9 761 

Value added, net 9 421 –5 202 5 055 46 653 110 5 092 56 910 61 129 

Compensation of employees 

Taxes on production and imports 

Subsidies on production 

Operating surplus/ Mixed income 

Allocation of primary 

income account 

2 820 2 820 

133 231 52 355 80 876 

Operating surplus/ Mixed income 9 761 0 9 761 

Compensation of employees 66 922 52 355 119 277 

Property income 7 013 7 013 

Balance of primary incomes 

Secondary distribution 

of income account 41 078 –56 41 134 

115 820 51 708 64 112 

Balance of primary incomes 80 876 52 355 133 231 

Current transfers 24 370 –704 23 666 

Disposable income 

Redistribution of 

income in kind account 

137 142 51 708 85 434 

Disposable income 64 112 51 708 115 820 

Social transfers in kind 21 322 21 322 

Adjusted disposable inccome 

Use of disposable 

income account 115 750 50 719 65 031 

215 989 –774 

Use of adjusted disposable 


Capital account 

215 989 –774 

10 193 7 807 3 934 45 3 709 119 –3 979 6 365 

–8 000 –5 934 –3 060 –35 –2 798 –41 3 095 –5 161 

9 9 

–126 –126 

0 0 

–2 067 –1 873 1 873 –2 067 

The column of adjustments (SNA – non-SNA) : 

In production account, generation of income account, and capital account the figures are to balance the production 

transferred to household production 

In other accounts the figures indicate the difference between the extended and SNA-account 


Individual consumption expenditure 

Adjustements for the change in net equity of 

households on pension funds 145 145 

Saving 

Adjusted disposable income 85 434 51 708 137 142 

Actual individual consumption 

Adjustements for the change in net equity of 



Saving –774 989 215 

Gross fixed capital formation 


Acquisitions less disposals of land and other 

tangible non-produced assets 

Changes in inventories 

Acquisitions less disposals of valuables 

Capital transfers, receivable 189 189 

Capital transfers, payable –395 –395 

Net lending (+)/ net borrowing (–) 



Table 2. Sequence of extended household accounts by principal function, million euros 

USES 

RESOURCES 

Total, 

extended 

household 

accounts 

Total Housing 

Services of Other 

owner-occupied housing 

dwellings, services 

own-account 

houseconstruction, 

SNA 


Meals 


snacks 



laundry 

Care 

Pet 

care 

Volunteer 

work 

Adjustments 

(SNA - 

non-SNA) 


accounts 

by SNA 



accounts 

by SNA 

Adjusments 

(SNA - 

non-SNA) 

Volunteer Pet 

work care 

Care 




laundry 

Meals 


snacks 


Total 

Other Services of 

housing owner-occupied 

services dwellings, 

own-account 

house 

construction, 

SNA 

Total, 

extended 

household 

accounts 


24 047 18 744 4 358 6 901 6 033 521 351 325 255 –4 432 9 735 

69 129 62 844 8 152 19 018 17 355 6 057 4 938 2 227 5 096 –8 297 14 582 

8 000 5 934 3 060 1 897 672 135 66 62 41 –3 095 5 161 

61 129 56 910 5 092 17 121 16 683 5 922 4 872 2 165 5 055 –5 202 9 421 

Output 24 317 –12 730 5 351 2 552 5 290 6 578 23 389 25 919 12 510 81 588 93 176 






account 53 070 52 424 69 17 107 16 559 5 914 5 570 2 159 5 046 –69 715 

85 196 121 14 33 7 6 6 8 –140 29 

–1 788 –704 0 0 0 0 –704 0 0 0 –1 084 

9 761 4 994 4 902 0 91 0 0 0 0 –4 994 9 761 

Value added, net 9 421 –5 202 5 055 2 165 4 872 5 922 16 683 17 121 5 092 56 910 61 129 



Subsidies on production 

Operating surplus/ Mixed income 

Allocation of primary 

income account 

2 820 2 820 

133 231 52 355 80 876 

Operating surplus/ Mixed income 9 761 0 9 761 

Compensation of employees 66 922 52 355 119 277 

Property income 7 013 7 013 

Balance of primary incomes 

Secondary distribution 

of income account 41 078 –56 41 134 

115 820 51 708 64 112 

Balance of primary incomes 80 876 52 355 133 231 

Current transfers 24 370 –704 23 666 

Disposable income 

Redistribution of 

income in kind account 

137 142 51 708 85 434 


Social transfers in kind 21 322 21 322 

Adjusted disposable inccome 

Use of disposable 


215 989 –774 

Use of adjusted disposable 


215 989 –774 


Individual consumption expenditure 

Adjustementsfor the change in net equity of 



Adjusted disposable income 85 434 51 708 137 142 

Actual individual consumption 

Adjustementsfor the change in net equity of 



Capital account 

10 193 7 807 3 934 2 464 841 258 137 53 119 –3 979 6 365 

–8 000 –5 934 –3 060 –1 897 –672 –135 –66 –62 –41 3 095 –5 161 

9 9 

–126 –126 

0 0 

–2 067 –1 873 1 873 –2 067 


In production account, generation of income account, and capital account the figures are to balance 

the production transferred to household production 


Saving –774 989 215 



Acquisitions less disposals of land and other 

tangible non-produced assets 



Capital transfers, receivable 189 189 

Capital transfers, payable –395 –395 

Net lending (+)/ net borrowing (–) 


Table 3. Household production as part of the extended economy, million euros 

USES 

RESOURCES 

Extended total 

economy 

Total 



production, 

SNA from (+) 

the column 2 


production, 

non-SNA 

Output 

without 

the SNA 

own 

account 

production 

Adjustments: 

Transfer to 

household 

production (–) 

National 

accounts 

Total, SNA 

National Adjustments: 

accounts 

Transactions and balansing items Total, SNA Transfer to 

household 

production 

(–) 

Output 

without 

the SNA Household 

own production, 

account non-SNA 

production 



production, 

SNA from (+) 

the column 2 

Total 


economy 

Goods and services 

account 


7(3+6) 6(4+5) 5 4 3(1+2) 2 1 

153 057 18 744 4 432 14 312 134 313 –4 432 138 745 

147 029 55 037 4 318 50 719 91 992 –4 318 96 310 

137 072 55 037 4 318 50 719 82 035 –4 318 86 353 

9 957 9 957 9 957 

31 557 7 807 3 979 3 828 23 750 –3 979 27 729 

143 143 143 

0 0 

54 069 54 069 54 069 

385 855 81 588 12 730 68 859 304 266 –12 730 316 996 

153 057 18 744 4 432 14 312 134 313 –4 432 138 745 

190 015 62 844 8 297 54 547 127 171 –8 297 135 468 

25 187 5 934 3 095 2 839 19 253 –3 095 22 348 

164 828 56 910 5 202 51 708 107 918 –5 202 113 120 

343 072 81 588 12 730 68 859 261 483 –12 730 274 213 

1 2 3(1+2) 4 5 6(4+5) 7(3+6) 

Output 256 851 –12 730 244 121 68 859 12 730 81 588 325 710 

Taxes on products 18 423 18 423 18 423 

Subsidies on products 1 061 1 061 1 061 

Imports of goods and services 42 783 42 783 42 783 


Final consumption expenditure 

Actual individual 

Actual collective 




Export of goods and services 

Total 316 996 –12 730 304 266 68 859 12 730 81 588 385 855 

Output 256 851 –12 730 244 121 68 859 12 730 81 588 325 710 

Taxes less subsidies on products 17 362 17 362 17 362 





Total 274 213 –12 730 261 483 68 859 12 730 81 588 343 072 

Generation of 

income account 118 836 52 424 69 52 355 66 412 –69 66 481 

18 917 196 140 56 18 721 18 721 

3 522 704 0 704 2 818 2 818 

30 596 4 994 4 994 0 25 603 –5 133 30 736 

164 828 56 910 5 202 51 708 107 918 –5 202 113 120 

Value added, net 113 120 –5 202 107 918 51 708 5 202 56 910 164 828 



Subsidies 

Operating surplus /Mixed income 

Total 113 120 –5 202 107 918 51 708 5 202 56 910 164 828 


In production account, generation of income account, and capital account the figures are to balance the 

production transferred to household production 




Table 4. Extension of the national accounts by non-SNA household production, million euros and %. 

USES 

RESOURCES 


economy 

% Household 

production, 

non-SNA 

% Adjustments 

Total 

economy, 

SNA 

% 


Total 

economy, 

SNA 

% Household 

production, 

non-SNA 

% Extended total 

economy 

% 

4(1+2+3) 3 2 1 

1 2 3 (1+2) 

Goods and services 

account 


153 057 110 14 312 10 138 745 100 

147 029 153 50 719 53 96 310 100 

137 072 159 50 719 59 86 353 100 

9 957 100 9 957 100 

31 557 114 3 828 14 27 729 100 

143 100 143 100 

54 069 100 54 069 100 

385 855 122 68 859 22 316 996 100 

153 057 110 14 312 10 138 745 100 

190 015 140 54 547 40 135 468 100 

25 187 113 2 839 13 22 348 100 

164 828 146 51 708 46 113 120 100 

343 072 125 68 859 25 274 213 100 

Output 256 851 100 68 859 27 3257 10 127 

Taxes on products 18 423 100 184 23 100 

Subsidies on products 1 061 100 10 61 100 

Imports of goods and services 42 783 100 427 83 100 


Final consumption expenditure 

Actual individual 

Actual collective 




Export of goods and services 

Total 316 996 100 68 859 22 385 855 122 

Output 256 851 100 68 859 21 325 710 127 

Taxes less subsidies on products 17 362 100 17 362 100 





Total 274 213 100 68 859 20 343 072 125 


account 118 836 179 52 355 79 66 481 100 

18 917 101 56 0 140 18 721 100 

3 522 125 704 25 2 818 100 

30 596 100 0 0 –140 30 736 100 

164 828 146 51 708 46 0 113 120 100 

Value added, net 113 120 100 51 708 31 164 828 146 



Subsidies 

Operating surplus /Mixed income 

Total 113 120 100 51 708 31 164 828 146 


Kuluttajatutkimuskeskus Konsumentforskningscentralen National Consumer Research Centre ISBN 951–698–141–0 (pdf) 

PL 5 PB 5 P.O.Box 5 

00531 Helsinki 00531 Helsingfors, Finland 00531 Helsinki, Finland 

puh. (09) 77261 tfn (09) 77261 Tel. +358 9 77261 

faksi (09) 7726 7715 fax (09) 7726 7715 Fax +358 9 7726 7715 

www.kuluttajatutkimuskeskus.fi www.konsumentforskningscentralen.fi www.ncrc.fi 

Tilastokeskus, myyntipalvelu Statistikcentralen, försäljning Statistics Finland, Sales Services ISBN 952–467–570–6 (pdf) 

PL 4C PB 4C P.O.Box 4C 

00022 TILASTOKESKUS 00022 STATISTIKCENTRALEN FI-00022 STATISTICS FINLAND 

puh. (09) 1734 2011 tfn (09) 1734 2011 Tel. +358 9 1734 2011 

faksi (09) 1734 2500 fax (09) 1734 2500 Fax +358 9 1734 2500 

myynti@tilastokeskus.fi myynti@stat.fi myynti@stat.fi 

www.tilastokeskus.fi www.stat.fi www.stat.fi

Household Production and Consumption in Finland 2001

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