Conservation and Management Strategy for the Elephant in Kenya

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xi CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR THE ELEPHANT IN KENYA GLOSSARY Actions: The activities which need to be implemented to achieve the strategy’s objectives and, ultimately, its goals and vision. Actors: Those individuals responsible for actions. Adult: A mature individual elephant. Aggregation: Gathering, which can be as large as 200–500 elephants. This may include dozens of family units and a number of mature males; larger aggregations form mainly during the rainy season in areas where food is plentiful and are usually associated with peak mating activity. Aggregations are also sometimes seen in populations that have been heavily decimated by poaching or other disturbances. Calf: A young elephant, dependant on the mother (until 3–5 years of age). CITES: Acronym for ‘Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora’, a treaty signed in 1975 by many countries to regulate the international trade in wild animals and plants that are included in its Appendices, and in products and derivatives made thereof, including elephants and elephant products. Compression Hypothesis: High density of elephants, owing to restriction of their range by human settlement. Cow: An adult female elephant over 15 years old. Culling: The killing of animals that may be regarded as excess in a population; a strategic game-management tool used by some wildlife officials. With elephants, the aim is for entire family units to be removed at once. Constraint: Factors which contribute to or compound the threats. For example, lack of political will and resources might contribute to diminished or reduced law enforcement, leading in turn to over-exploitation. Ecosystem: A complete community of living organisms and the non-living materials of their surroundings. Its components include plants, animals, micro-organisms, soil, rocks and minerals, as well as surrounding water sources and the local atmosphere. Elephas maximus: Asian elephant usually divided into 4 subspecies: E.m. borneensis (Borneo elephant), E. m. indicus (Indian elephant), E. m. maximus (Sri Lankan elephant), E. m. sumatranus (Sumatran elephant). Goal: A rephrasing of the Vision in operational terms to capture in greater detail what needs to be done, and where (to save the species). Goals have the same long-term time frame and wide spatial scale as the Vision. Goals use the same criteria for what it means to save a species as those agreed when developing the Vision (for example, striving to achieve ecologically functioning populations). Goal Target: Goal targets provide a medium-term (typically 5–10 years) subset of the goals. Thus they represent those goals that can realistically be achieved over the lifetime of the strategy (and/or those steps towards achieving the goals that can realistically be achieved over the lifetime of the strategy). Like all targets, goal targets should be SMART. Group: General term for a number of elephants showing coordinated movement and behaviour. Growth Rate: The natural increase in the size of a population, otherwise referred to as yearly growth rate.
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR THE ELEPHANT IN KENYA xii [ LEFT ] Plate 8. Adult female with her young a a waterhole. Samburu National Reserve, Kenya - Renaud Fulconis. Awely, Wildlife and People [ BELOW ] Plate 9. A large Amboseli bull in musth guarding two females in oestrus - Cynthia Moss, Amboseli Trust for Elephants Home-range: Area utilised by an elephant or family group of elephants; depending on the productivity of the region, it may be as small as 14 km2 (e.g. at Lake Manyara, Tanzania) or as large as 3500 km2 (in arid country, such as the desert of NW Namibia). Human-Elephant Conflict [HEC]: Any human-elephant interaction which results in negative effects on human social, economic or cultural life, on elephant conservation or on the environment. Immobilization: Term used to describe the chemical or physical restraint of an animal. Indicator (of success): A single measure of achievement or a description of the conditions to show that a particular Action had been implemented successfully. Good indicators are measurable, precise, consistent and sensitive. Indigenous: Originating and living or occurring naturally in an area or environment. Invasive Alien Plant Species [IAPS]: Non-indigenous introduced plants which are capable of increasing beyond a local area. Ivory: Material of which elephant tusks are composed (mostly dentine). It is used in the manufacture of a great variety of objects usually of an ornamental nature. Juvenile: A sub-adolescent individual elephant: often divided into young juvenile (2–5 years old) and old juvenile (5–10 years old). Keystone Species: A species that has major ecological effects on its habitat and, therefore, on other species living in the same area. Elephants are second only to humans in the alteration of their habitat: e.g. by feeding they may change bush to grassland, by digging for water they provide drinking places for other animals, etc. Loxodonta africana: African elephant; divided into 2 sub-species: Savannah elephant L. a. africana and Forest elephant L. a. cyclotis. Miombo: In East, Central, and South-central Africa, a type of mixed woodland of trees and shrubs, dominated by broad-leafed, deciduous trees of the genera Brachystegia and Julbernardia. Mortality: Referring to loss in a population; includes factors such as disease, accidents, starvation, predation and poaching. Natality: Referring to the birth-rate in a population: usually 3–5% per year in a healthy elephant population. Objective: Broad summaries of the approaches to be taken in attempting to achieve a strategy’s Vision and Goals. Each objective usually refers to a logically related set of threats and constraints; for example, if lack of capacity was identified as a constraint on effective conservation of a species, then one obvious objective would be to develop capacity.
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Conservation and Management Strategy for the Elephant in Kenya

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