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ii CONTENTS 10 Conclusion and Outlook 121 Bibliography 125
Chapter 1 Introduction Nuclear physics is the study of atomic nuclei. The primary aim of nuclear physics is to understand the force between nucleons, the structure of nuclei, and how nuclei interact with each other and with other subatomic particles. These three questions are, to a large extent, related to each other. It has been known for years that the nucleus is a many-body system of protons and neutrons, the two lightest members of the baryon family, that is held together by the strong nuclear force. Traditional models of nuclei rely on the shell model, where it is assumed that both protons and neutrons are moving independently in an average mean-field potential, which expresses the interaction of the nucleon with the surrounding medium. The nucleons then occupy the lowest single-particle levels up to the Fermi energy, whereas the single-particle levels above the Fermi energy remain unoccupied. From systematic investigations for a large number of target nuclei a richness of precise information about the independent-particle wave functions and spectroscopic strengths was assembled [1], and it turned out that many nuclear features could be explained within this single-particle picture. However, as nucleons in the nucleus interact with each other through the strong, short-ranged interaction, a number of nuclear structure properties remains unexplained in the basic independent-particle model. An extensive amount of measurements has made it clear that the occupancy of the single-particle level is substantially smaller than what is expected in a naive independent-particle model. This observation has resulted in the conjecture that 2/3’s of the nucleons in the nucleus act as independent quasi-particles, whereas the remaining ones are then correlated [1]. A full understanding of the nucleus can not be achieved without some knowledge about the underlying mechanisms that are responsible for the strong nuclear force. The strong nuclear force manifests itself as a result of the strongly interacting quark and gluon constituents which build up the nucleon. A better understanding of the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) theory which describes the strong interaction between quarks and gluons, will most certainly lead to a better understanding of 1
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Page 6 and 7: 2 Chapter 1. Introduction the stron
Page 8 and 9: 4 Chapter 1. Introduction a wide Q
Page 10 and 11: 6 Chapter 2. Reaction Observables a
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Page 17 and 18: Chapter 3 Relativistic Bound State
Page 19 and 20: 3.1. Formalism 15 content to the me
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Page 35 and 36: Chapter 5 The Eikonal Final State I
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5.4. The Glauber Approach 51 so tha
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5.4. The Glauber Approach 53 1.2 1
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5.5. Higher Order Eikonal Correctio
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Chapter 6 Final State Interactions
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6.1. 16 O(e, e ′ p) 15 N 59 d 5
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6.1. 16 O(e, e ′ p) 15 N 61 ρ [(
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6.1. 16 O(e, e ′ p) 15 N 63 12 C(
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6.1. 16 O(e, e ′ p) 15 N 65 CEA w
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6.1. 16 O(e, e ′ p) 15 N 67 Figur
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6.1. 16 O(e, e ′ p) 15 N 69 0.4 0
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6.2. 12 C(e, e ′ p) 11 B 71 0 -0.
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6.2. 12 C(e, e ′ p) 11 B 73 ρ [(
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6.2. 12 C(e, e ′ p) 11 B 75 P n P
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Chapter 7 Off-Shell Ambiguities A m
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79 momentum region. Since these exc
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81 R L [fm 3 ] R T [fm 3 ] R TT [fm
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83 R L [fm 3 ] R T [fm 3 ] 0.04 0.0
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85 manner, we will from here on onl
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87 R CC1/CC2 R CC1/CC2 R CC1/CC2 R
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89 The relation obtained in Eq. (7.
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91 A LT 1 0.5 0 OMEA (CC2) OMEA (CC
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94 Chapter 8. Relativistic Effects
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Chapter 9 Nuclear Transparency The
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9.1. Theoretical Background 105 Req
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9.1. Theoretical Background 107 few
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9.2. Review of Experimental Results
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9.2. Review of Experimental Results
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9.3. Nuclear Transparency Calculati
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Chapter 10 Conclusion and Outlook I
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123 with increasing Q 2 the uncerta
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Bibliography [1] V. Pandharipande,
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Bibliography 127 [42] J. Kelly, Phy
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Bibliography 129 [85] A. Saha, W. B
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