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2 Contents Executive Summary...................................................................................................................................................4 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................6 2. The context: simulation models in environmental research and policy formulation.......................................8 3. The development of modelling frameworks ......................................................................................................10 3.1 Modelling environments and tools ..................................................................................................................10 3.2 Modular modelling, component-based approaches, and integrated modelling frameworks ..........................11 3.3 Critique of component-based approaches.......................................................................................................12 4. The vision: what modelling could be like...........................................................................................................16 5. What does 'declarative' mean?...........................................................................................................................17 5.1 The 'declarative versus procedural' distinction ..............................................................................................17 5.2 Moving the declarative:procedural boundary ................................................................................................18 5.3 Two examples of shifting the declarative:procedural boundary .....................................................................19 5.4 More examples of shifting the declarative:procedural boundary ...................................................................21 5.5 What are the benefits of greater declarativeness? ..........................................................................................23 5.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................23 6. Declarative and procedural representations of a model...................................................................................24 6.1 Verbal description...........................................................................................................................................24 6.2 Mathematical description................................................................................................................................25 6.3 Representation of the model as a computer program .....................................................................................26 6.4 Representation of the model in a simulation language ...................................................................................27 6.5 Visual modelling environments .......................................................................................................................28 6.6 Representation of the model in a database .....................................................................................................29 6.7 Representation of the model in XML...............................................................................................................30 6.8 Representation of the model in Prolog............................................................................................................31 6.9 Conclusions.....................................................................................................................................................32 7. Architecture for a declarative modelling approach..........................................................................................33 7.1 Requirements specification for a model-representation language..................................................................33 7.2 Designing the model-representation language: choosing an appropriate level of abstraction .....................35 7.3 Designing the model-representation language: ontology ..............................................................................36 7.4 Designing the model-representation language: syntax...................................................................................37 7.5 Software tools for processing models.............................................................................................................38 7.6 Producing a runnable version of the model ...................................................................................................39 7.7 Modelling environments.................................................................................................................................40 7.8 Publishing the models ....................................................................................................................................41 7.9 Conclusions....................................................................................................................................................41 8. Proof-of-concept: the Simile visual modelling environment............................................................................42 8.1 Simile features.................................................................................................................................................42 8.2 Simile in action................................................................................................................................................43
3 8.3 Exploiting the declarative nature of Simile modelling....................................................................................46 8.4 Conclusions.....................................................................................................................................................51 9. Case study: potential application of a declarative modelling approach in an ecosystem research project .52 9.1 Overview of the ATEAM project .....................................................................................................................52 9.2 A declarative modelling perspective on ATEAM.............................................................................................54 9.3 Re-casting existing models in a declarative model-representation language .................................................58 9.4 Conclusions.....................................................................................................................................................59 10. Realising the vision............................................................................................................................................60 10.1 Voluntary or mandatory adoption?...............................................................................................................60 10.2 The research award system...........................................................................................................................60 10.3 The possible emergence of de facto standards..............................................................................................60 10.4 Committee-based standards development.....................................................................................................61 10.5 Research infrastructure funding....................................................................................................................61 10.6 Intellectual Property Rights ..........................................................................................................................62 10.7 Conclusions...................................................................................................................................................62 11. Critical evaluation of the declarative modelling approach ............................................................................63 11.1 Critique of declarative modelling .................................................................................................................63 11.2 Integrating declarative and component-based approaches ..........................................................................66 12. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................................68 Acknowledgements and declaration of interest ....................................................................................................69 References ................................................................................................................................................................70 URLs: (Web links)...................................................................................................................................................73 Glossary....................................................................................................................................................................75 Appendix 1. The Modelica, MODCOM and IMA modelling frameworks.......................................................77 A1.1 Modelica.......................................................................................................................................................77 A1.2 MODCOM ....................................................................................................................................................77 A1.3 IMA: Integrating Modelling Architecture.....................................................................................................78 Appendix 2. A brief introduction to relevant technologies .................................................................................79 A2.1 XML ..............................................................................................................................................................79 A2.2 XSLT .............................................................................................................................................................81 A2.3 Prolog...........................................................................................................................................................82 INDEX ......................................................................................................................................................................84
Page 1: 1 Position Paper on Declarative Mod
Page 5 and 6: 5 15. It is argued that the efficie
Page 7 and 8: 7 another for comparing the structu
Page 9 and 10: 9 • Programs for research-grade m
Page 11 and 12: 11 3.2 Modular modelling, component
Page 13 and 14: 13 into the correct order. In some
Page 15 and 16: 15 LAMOS: Landscape Modelling Shell
Page 17 and 18: 17 5. What does 'declarative' mean?
Page 19 and 20: 19 and write a generic program whic
Page 21 and 22: 21 functions that can calculate vol
Page 23 and 24: 23 5.5 What are the benefits of gre
Page 25 and 26: 25 6.2 Mathematical description The
Page 27 and 28: 27 6.4 Representation of the model
Page 33 and 34: 33 7. Architecture for a declarativ
Page 35 and 36: 35 7.2 Designing the model-represen
Page 37 and 38: 37 Figure 7.1 is a partial view of
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Page 41 and 42: 41 ensure that the various packages
Page 43 and 44: 43 and run as a stand-alone model (
Page 45 and 46: 45 Desktop temperature = graph(time
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Page 49 and 50: 49 Example 2: Generating audio desc
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53 Sector Ecosystem services Indica
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55 The XML model documents will be
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57 Note the difference between a de
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59 process must be clarity and rigo
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61 product. The other, considered i
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63 11. Critical evaluation of the d
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65 Restriction to scientific freedo
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67 are, for example, initiatives to
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69 Acknowledgements and declaration
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71 Forrester, J.W. (1971) World Dyn
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73 URLs: (Web links) ACSL Advanced
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75 Glossary See "URLs: Web links" a
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77 Appendix 1. The Modelica, MODCOM
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79 Appendix 2. A brief introduction
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81 bank vole Clethrionomys glareol
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83 eats(bank_vole,seeds). eats(bank
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85 Modelica .......................
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