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Chemistry Reactivity of the halogens Objectives: • Recall that chlorine, bromine and iodine dissolve in hexane to form coloured solutions • Explain reactions where a reactive halogen is added to a solution of a less reactive halogen as a salt, and use displacement reaction results to determine the order of halogen reactivity • Recall how halogens react with iron and aluminium Description Includes photographs and descriptions of the halogens, with videos illustrating trends in their reactivity. Duration (lesson and worksheet together): 50 minutes Topic: Periodicity Covalent bonding in small molecules Objectives: • Identify a molecule as a neutral particle consisting of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds • Describe a single covalent bond formed by sharing a pair of outer-shell electrons between two non-metal atoms • Distinguish between strong covalent bonds holding atoms together inside molecules, and the relatively weak attraction between molecules that accounts for low melting and boiling points in simple molecular substances Description Uses animations to examine how non-metal atoms bond covalently by sharing electrons to form simple molecules. Diagrams and ‘ball-and-stick’ models show all electron shells or only the outer-shell. Duration (lesson alone, without accompanying worksheet): 20 minutes Topic: Chemical bonding Covalent bonding in giant lattices Objectives: • Describe how carbon atoms can bond together covalently in two ways to give two different crystalline forms of the element • Explain how a diamond lattice is formed when each carbon atom is joined to four other carbon atoms around it • Explain how a graphite lattice is formed Description Uses animations to explore how carbon atoms connected by covalent bonds lead to the formation of the three-dimensional lattice structures of diamond and graphite. Duration (lesson alone, without accompanying worksheet): 20 minutes Topic: Chemical bonding Teacher’s Guide: 11–16 Chemistry 2–9
Chemistry Ionic bonding Objectives: • Explain that atoms combine to achieve complete outer electron shells like the nearest noble gas • Explain how the transfer of electrons from metal atoms to nonmetal atoms leads to the formation of positive and negative ions • Explain that ionic bonding between oppositely charged ions leads to the formation a giant lattice of ions in an ionic crystal Description Uses animations to explore the bonding and structure in simple 1:1 ionic compounds, starting with the transfer of electrons between atoms and progressing to a three-dimensional ionic lattice. Duration (lesson alone, without accompanying worksheet): 20 minutes Topic: Chemical bonding Separating crude oil Objectives: • Explain that crude oil is a mix of substances, that methane is the simplest hydrocarbon, and that hydrocarbons consist of differing numbers of carbon and hydrogen atoms • Outline how a fractionating tower works and what it produces • Explain trends in hydrocarbon properties and how these determine the different uses of hydrocarbons Description Uses an animation and interactive model to show the industrial separation of crude oil. Fractions can be selected and their properties explored. Duration (lesson and worksheet together): 50 minutes Topic: Products from crude oil Investigating hydrocarbons Objectives: • Systematically name the alkanes and alkenes, state their general formulae, describe the trend in their boiling points, and describe the regularity of their other properties • State that the presence of the C=C bond is the essential difference between the structures of alkanes and alkenes • State the uses of the alkanes and alkenes Description This lesson examines the physical properties of the alkanes and alkenes, and the trends exhibited by these properties. Substances can be displayed and compared as diagrams or 3-D models. Duration (lesson and worksheet together): 50 minutes Topic: Products from crude oil 2–10 Multimedia Science School
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