A GUIDE TO REFERENCING with examples in the Harvard style

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………..…………….… 5
I. Which referencing style should I use?........................................................................... 5
II. Why must I cite and reference my sources?.................................................................. 5
III. What is plagiarism?........................................................................................................ 5
IV. Is there plagiarism in sources on the Internet?.............................................................. 6
V. What is paraphrasing?................................................................................................... 6
VI. What is summarising?.................................................................................................... 6
GENERAL CITING AND REFERENCING GUIDELINES…………..…. 7
1. ADDING IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PARAPHRASES……………………….…….. 7
- Using correct grammar……………………………………………………………….………..
- The use of ‘&’ and ‘and’……………………………………………………………….……….
- Author prominent OR information prominent?.................................................................
- Collectively citing several sources……………………………………………………………
- Citing oneself……………………………………………………………………………………
- The author(s) is/are not known ……………………………………………………………….
- Shortening long titles for in-text citations…………………………………...………………..
- The authors have the same family name…………………………………………………….
- Year of publication is not known………………………………………………………………
- There is only an approximate year of publication…………………………………………...
- Publications with the same author(s) and same year of publication………………………
- Secondary citations………………………………………………………………….………..
- Punctuation…………………………………………………………………………….………
2. ADDING IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR DIRECT QUOTATIONS………….………… 11
- Formatting rules……………………………………………………………………….…....... 11
- Making minor changes to direct quotations…………………………………….……......... 12
- Page numbers for direct quotations…………………………………………………........... 12
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3. PREPARING A REFERENCE LIST……………………………………………….… 13
- The difference between a reference list and a bibliography……………………….....
- The first few words of the source in the reference list must match the in-text
citation…………………………………………………………………………………....... 13
- Each source in the reference list must begin with the name(s) of the author(s),
if the author(s) is/are given……………………………………………………….…….... 13
- Name(s) of the author(s) in the reference list must be correctly referenced and
correctly spelt…………………………………………………………………………….... 14
- The reference list must be in alphabetical order……………………………………..... 14
- Publications with the same author(s) and same year of publication……………….... 15
- Titles starting with ‘A’ or ‘The’………………………………………………………….... 15
- The reference list must be correctly formatted……………………………………….... 15
ONLINE SOURCES…………………………………………………………….…… 17
Chart/Table/Graph/Map/Image…………………………………………………….…… 17, 65
Company/Industry document/information/annual report…………………………………. 17
- on a website or in a database…………………………………………………… 17
Conference/Seminar/Forum paper/presentation.…………………………………………. 17
- published………………………………………………………………..………… 17
Dictionary……………………………………………………………………………………… 18
Discussion forum post (online discussion forum)…………………………………….…… 19
E-book.…………………………………………………………………………………..……. 20
- a scanned (paper) book viewed online or downloaded in page image
format (pdf)……………………………………………………………………..… 20
- an e-book formatted for reading online………………………………………… 20
Encyclopaedia……………………………………………………………………………….... 21
- without author(s), without an authoring organisation…………………………. 21
Government document…………………………………………………………………….… 22
Handbook………………………………………………………………………….………….. 22
- with a corporate author………………………………………………………….. 22
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A Guide to Referencing 1