SAN DIEGO DISTRICT ATTORNEY The Fourth Amendment and ...

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Random Metal Detector Searches of Students 399 Search of a student’s computer 399 Drug Testing for United States Customs Service Employees 399 Searches of Employees’ Backpacks 399 Pre-Departure Airport Screening Procedures 399 Drug and Alcohol Testing for Railway Employees 400 Administrative Inspections of Closely Regulated Businesses 400 Administrative Inspection of Fire-Damaged Premises 400 Administrative Housing Code Inspections 400 Border Patrol Checkpoints 400 Sobriety Checkpoints 400 Entry into a Residence to Enforce a Court Order 400 Fourth Waiver Searches 400 A Search Warrant Issued Pursuant to P.C. § 1524.1 (HIV) 400 Taking of Biological Samples for DNA Databases 400 Exceptions to Exceptions: 401 A Highway Drug Interdiction Checkpoint 401 A State Hospital Blood Testing Program 401 Examples where the “Special Need” fails to outweigh a person’s right to privacy 401 Closely Regulated Businesses or Activities: 402 Pervasively or Closely Regulated Businesses 402 © 2011 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved. xxxiv
Other California or United States Regulatory/ Administrative Searches: 404 Vehicle Code 404 Penal Code 405 Fish and Game Code 405 Financial Code 406 United States Code 406 School Searches 406 Airport Searches 406 Chapter 8: Searches of Persons: 409 Privacy Rights 409 Rule 409 Search Incident to Arrest: 409 Legal Justification 409 Legal Justification Under Debate 410 Transportation Requirement: 411 Anyone Who is Arrested and is to be Transported 411 Transporting a Minor 415 Contemporaneous In Time and Place 416 Other Requirements and Limitations: 417 Search Incident to a Citation 417 Searches of Containers 417 Property of Booked Person 418 © 2011 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved. xxxv
Page 1 and 2: SAN DIEGO DISTRICT ATTORNEY The Fou
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Page Chapter Summ
Page 5 and 6: New Crimes Committed in Response to
Page 7 and 8: The Use of Firearms 26 The Use of H
Page 9 and 10: Detention of Residents During the E
Page 11 and 12: Merchants, Library Employees and Th
Page 13 and 14: Legal Requirements of an Arrest: 14
Page 15 and 16: Telephonic Arrest Warrant 159 Ramey
Page 17 and 18: Consequences of a Ramey/Payton Viol
Page 19 and 20: P.C. § 849(c): Record of Arrest of
Page 21 and 22: Reasonableness: 229 Determining Rea
Page 23 and 24: Records of Foreign Corporations Pro
Page 25 and 26: An Informant Sworn Before A Magistr
Page 27 and 28: Exceptions 309 Prisoner Visitors 30
Page 29 and 30: Civil or Criminal Liability; Relian
Page 31 and 32: How Accomplished 373 When Warrants
Page 33: The “Plain Sight Observation” v
Page 37 and 38: A State Hospital’s Drug Testing P
Page 39 and 40: Body Cavity Search 450 Visual Body
Page 41 and 42: Collection of Samples For Present a
Page 43 and 44: Inventory Searches 494 “Pat Down
Page 45 and 46: Securing Cases 522 Detention of a R
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 12: Open Fields: 563 Genera
Page 49 and 50: Probation: 596 Statutory Authorizat
Page 51 and 52: Limitation; Free and Voluntary Requ
Page 53 and 54: General Rule 636 Examples: 638 Land
Page 55 and 56: History: “The exclusionary rule w
Page 57 and 58: exclusion. (United States v. Cho (9
Page 59 and 60: Using the above factors, the fact t
Page 61 and 62: New Crimes Committed in Response to
Page 63 and 64: “I fully recognize that under the
Page 65 and 66: Police-Citizen Contacts: Contacts b
Page 67 and 68: “(T)he officer’s uncommunicated
Page 69 and 70: Asking a vehicle passenger to step
Page 71 and 72: Black defendant late at night, and
Page 73 and 74: 690]; “threatening an unlawful de
Page 75 and 76: The information motivating an offic
Page 77 and 78: “(E)ven when a police officer is
Page 79 and 80: “probable cause,” illegal. (Uni
Page 81 and 82: y belief suspect was attempting to
Page 83 and 84: The suspect is uncooperative. The o
Page 85 and 86:
People v. Soun (1995) 34 Cal.App.4
Page 87 and 88:
A stop and detention based upon sta
Page 89 and 90:
A “High Crime” or “High Narco
Page 91 and 92:
outside its lane, was cause to effe
Page 93 and 94:
(See Brendlin v. California (2007)
Page 95 and 96:
across his upper torso, barring the
Page 97 and 98:
under the influence to justify a tr
Page 99 and 100:
Mistake of Law vs. Mistake of Fact:
Page 101 and 102:
violation. (United States v. Choudh
Page 103 and 104:
Motor Vehicle Passengers: To Arrest
Page 105 and 106:
justify a continued detention for t
Page 107 and 108:
Under the same rationale, some fede
Page 109 and 110:
Flight: While the “flight” of t
Page 111 and 112:
Rettele (2007) 550 U.S. 609 [167 L.
Page 113 and 114:
Review was granted in this case by
Page 115 and 116:
traffic stop.” (United States v.
Page 117 and 118:
stop of the defendant’s car. (Uni
Page 119 and 120:
660]; People v. Washburn (1968) 265
Page 121 and 122:
or more), and V.C. § 23152 (drivin
Page 123 and 124:
(People v. Green (1991) 227 Cal.App
Page 125 and 126:
A person merely approaching a house
Page 127 and 128:
suspect. Also, unconnected anonymou
Page 129 and 130:
highway driver, ‘weaving all over
Page 131 and 132:
Corroboration: The information moti
Page 133 and 134:
putting their anonymity at risk), a
Page 135 and 136:
the search,” a vice principal’s
Page 137 and 138:
undue invasion of privacy. (Frankli
Page 139 and 140:
The only issue left hanging by Chri
Page 141 and 142:
Similar cases: No seizure when an o
Page 143 and 144:
A traffic stop for a violation of V
Page 145 and 146:
Spotlighting the defendant in a hig
Page 147 and 148:
committed a criminal offense. (Cita
Page 149 and 150:
police officers also had reasonable
Page 151 and 152:
Examples: Similarly, the fact that
Page 153 and 154:
910, 918-921; but qualified immunit
Page 155 and 156:
United States for prosecution. (Alv
Page 157 and 158:
McKinney (9 th Cir. 2005) 394 F.3 r
Page 159 and 160:
is excessive force sufficient to cr
Page 161 and 162:
Duty to Warn: © 2011 Robert C. Phi
Page 163 and 164:
or window of the house in which the
Page 165 and 166:
Applicable Statutes: P.C. § 196: H
Page 167 and 168:
Constitution. A Fourth Amendment
Page 169 and 170:
This presumption, however, is rebut
Page 171 and 172:
v. Lee (2005) 131 Cal.App.4 th 1413
Page 173 and 174:
own delusions. (People v. Mejia-Len
Page 175 and 176:
caused a jury to believe that the o
Page 177 and 178:
But on the other hand, it is consti
Page 179 and 180:
Other federal circuits have approve
Page 181 and 182:
When the suspect attacked an office
Page 183 and 184:
Legal Authority for Arrests: Arrest
Page 185 and 186:
Arrests by a Private Person: P.C.
Page 187 and 188:
Superior Court (1950) 98 Cal.App.2
Page 189 and 190:
P.C. § 830.8(c): National Park Ran
Page 191 and 192:
42 U.S.C. § 1983 federal civil rig
Page 193 and 194:
misdemeanor not in the officer’s
Page 195 and 196:
provisions of the Penal Code on fel
Page 197 and 198:
3. Battery on School Grounds during
Page 199 and 200:
P.C. § 243(f)(10): “Dating Relat
Page 201 and 202:
“No hard and fast rule can, howev
Page 203 and 204:
during a nighttime search without j
Page 205 and 206:
ooking a suspect for a non-bookable
Page 207 and 208:
Violation of V.C. § 23332, relatin
Page 209 and 210:
Misdemeanor domestic violence, per
Page 211 and 212:
The warrant of arrest indicates tha
Page 213 and 214:
pre-filing arrest warrants are now
Page 215 and 216:
Michigan (2006) 547 U.S. 586 [165 L
Page 217 and 218:
“Thus, for Fourth Amendment purpo
Page 219 and 220:
charge, whether or not the offense
Page 221 and 222:
need for justifying nighttime servi
Page 223 and 224:
to their entry into the residence.
Page 225 and 226:
possibility that defendant would di
Page 227 and 228:
seldom, if ever, justify a warrantl
Page 229 and 230:
A parolee (and, therefore, presumab
Page 231 and 232:
circumstances is not an exception t
Page 233 and 234:
attempt to serve an arrest warrant
Page 235 and 236:
“(A)n officer’s reliance on the
Page 237 and 238:
properly be charged with knowledge,
Page 239 and 240:
However, the Court in Downing noted
Page 241 and 242:
warrant exists for that person. (Mo
Page 243 and 244:
Cal.App.3 rd 849, 854; and Johanson
Page 245 and 246:
The United States Supreme Court, un
Page 247 and 248:
(Cornejo v. County of San Diego (9
Page 249 and 250:
A Miranda-style admonishment obviou
Page 251 and 252:
A bail bondsman. A relative or othe
Page 253 and 254:
The calls are to be at public expen
Page 255 and 256:
P.C. § 849(c): Any record of arres
Page 257 and 258:
Presumptions: See “Arrests,” ab
Page 259 and 260:
Exceptions: Examples: Observations
Page 261 and 262:
See “Good Faith,” below, and
Page 263 and 264:
L.Ed.2 nd 496]; see also People v.
Page 265 and 266:
A “knock and notice” violation:
Page 267 and 268:
DNA with that left at a crime scene
Page 269 and 270:
probable cause supporting the concl
Page 271 and 272:
circumstances. The defendant’s ac
Page 273 and 274:
A passenger in a vehicle that he ne
Page 275 and 276:
Cal.App.3 rd 1209; People v. Ooley
Page 277 and 278:
etained a reasonable expectation of
Page 279 and 280:
documents at the time of seizure. (
Page 281 and 282:
Also, using counterfeit money to re
Page 283 and 284:
Determining Reasonableness: The rea
Page 285 and 286:
When a stop or search is not a “r
Page 287 and 288:
Case Law: Army, Navy, Air Force, or
Page 289 and 290:
Chapter 6 Searches With a Search Wa
Page 291 and 292:
(United States v. Reeves (9 th Cir.
Page 293 and 294:
to be defective. (United States v.
Page 295 and 296:
Delay of 52 days between a controll
Page 297 and 298:
A warrant that failed to identify a
Page 299 and 300:
mail system, or a computer server,
Page 301 and 302:
Under California law, while failure
Page 303 and 304:
to believe that blood, semen, or an
Page 305 and 306:
served with a search warrant issued
Page 307 and 308:
qualified immunity from civil liabi
Page 309 and 310:
having communicated a threat to a p
Page 311 and 312:
Note that Gates also describes the
Page 313 and 314:
It is irrelevant that a peace offic
Page 315 and 316:
cause.” (People v. Nicholls (2008
Page 317 and 318:
a factor which will help to overcom
Page 319 and 320:
Whether probable cause exists to se
Page 321 and 322:
Whether the child is fully or parti
Page 323 and 324:
And Mahlberg v. Mentzer (8 th Cir.
Page 325 and 326:
could result in suppression of all,
Page 327 and 328:
such media prior to a forensic exam
Page 329 and 330:
Multiple Affiants/Affidavits: There
Page 331 and 332:
There is a reasonable basis for bel
Page 333 and 334:
See “Standing,” above. Informat
Page 335 and 336:
person, vehicle, or other container
Page 337 and 338:
Citizen Informants: Private persons
Page 339 and 340:
The expected favor or personal gain
Page 341 and 342:
252 F.3 rd 1070.) unless corroborat
Page 343 and 344:
Superior Court [People] (2010) 186
Page 345 and 346:
The danger is in insuring that the
Page 347 and 348:
Computer Searches: Use of a Search
Page 349 and 350:
the illegal search. (Nix v. William
Page 351 and 352:
613]; People v. Paulson (1990) 216
Page 353 and 354:
Mortgage Fraud Records: P.C. § 532
Page 355 and 356:
court of “general jurisdiction;
Page 357 and 358:
protected by the wiretap statutes.
Page 359 and 360:
admissible in court per Evid. Code
Page 361 and 362:
Under Title III; “(I)t shall not
Page 363 and 364:
P.C. § 632.5: Cellular radio telep
Page 365 and 366:
A peace officer is required to stop
Page 367 and 368:
applicant to justify his or her bel
Page 369 and 370:
Gonzalez, Inc. (9 th Cir. 2006) 437
Page 371 and 372:
“any aural transfer made in whole
Page 373 and 374:
destruction, or 11419, relating to
Page 375 and 376:
It is not necessary that the govern
Page 377 and 378:
identity is not known, then that in
Page 379 and 380:
• Terminate upon attainment of th
Page 381 and 382:
The Attorney General shall, upon th
Page 383 and 384:
• Other data that the Legislature
Page 385 and 386:
• Kept where the judge orders.
Page 387 and 388:
P.C. § 629.72: Motions to Suppress
Page 389 and 390:
any person regardless of how the pe
Page 391 and 392:
For crimes listed in P.C. § 629.52
Page 393 and 394:
A fine not exceeding two thousand f
Page 395 and 396:
P.C. § 629.90: Order for Cooperati
Page 397 and 398:
P.C. § 629.96: Severability: If an
Page 399 and 400:
“ICRA”) applies instead. Howeve
Page 401 and 402:
and Federal Rules of Criminal Proce
Page 403 and 404:
who conduct investigations under th
Page 405 and 406:
Peterson (1973) 9 Cal.3 rd 717, 723
Page 407 and 408:
aggravated as to be a constitutiona
Page 409 and 410:
For example: also People v. Flores
Page 411 and 412:
the purpose of a police visit and a
Page 413 and 414:
door slammed in their face at the f
Page 415 and 416:
ecause “an unannounced entry may
Page 417 and 418:
California (1990) 496 U.S. 128, 138
Page 419 and 420:
But see United States v. Payton (9
Page 421 and 422:
“quashal” of the Government’s
Page 423 and 424:
The “return package” consists o
Page 425 and 426:
See United States v. Vesikuru (9 th
Page 427 and 428:
estricted to protecting confidentia
Page 429 and 430:
In a traversal motion: The trial co
Page 431 and 432:
Return of Property: (4) The law enf
Page 433 and 434:
Take the original warrant, with a s
Page 435 and 436:
Geothermal Services Co. v. Superior
Page 437 and 438:
necessary under the circumstances.
Page 439 and 440:
guilty. The only issue to be resolv
Page 441 and 442:
and credible information that the k
Page 443 and 444:
No Search: There is no search when
Page 445 and 446:
Observing defendant retrieving cont
Page 447 and 448:
Examples: Exceptions: This, however
Page 449 and 450:
Examples: for that purpose.’ (Peo
Page 451 and 452:
To check on the welfare of persons
Page 453 and 454:
that dangerous weapons will not be
Page 455 and 456:
A state hospital’s drug testing p
Page 457 and 458:
defendant about issues unrelated to
Page 459 and 460:
School Searches: © 2011 Robert C.
Page 461 and 462:
luggage on the conveyor belt for x-
Page 463 and 464:
See also the concurring, minority o
Page 465 and 466:
only citing the driver for a speedi
Page 467 and 468:
“custodial arrest.” (See People
Page 469 and 470:
Contemporaneous in Time and Place:
Page 471 and 472:
search incident to an arrest where
Page 473 and 474:
not be admissible in court. The lik
Page 475 and 476:
manner and without use of excessive
Page 477 and 478:
Examples: Holding a subject’s Ada
Page 479 and 480:
A school search “will be permissi
Page 481 and 482:
subjected to physical touching of h
Page 483 and 484:
movements of the passenger during t
Page 485 and 486:
a possible weapon below the clothin
Page 487 and 488:
a finding of probable cause to sear
Page 489 and 490:
Other Situations: Taking the hint,
Page 491 and 492:
Searching for Identification: perso
Page 493 and 494:
(United States v. Kinkade (9 th Cir
Page 495 and 496:
Prisoner Searches: A person who is
Page 497 and 498:
Exceptions: Although Smith has neve
Page 499 and 500:
Note also authority (albeit the min
Page 501 and 502:
Thompson v. Los Angeles, supra, how
Page 503 and 504:
Restrictions: In the case of most m
Page 505 and 506:
authority of a search warrant issue
Page 507 and 508:
517, 526 [82 L.Ed.2d 393, 402-403 .
Page 509 and 510:
ules nor California’s Privacy Act
Page 511 and 512:
The sole exception is legal corresp
Page 513 and 514:
Immediately prior to a proposed sea
Page 515 and 516:
violation. (Overton v. Bazzetta, su
Page 517 and 518:
(C): Forward the collected specimen
Page 519 and 520:
(4): Includes attempts. (5): These
Page 521 and 522:
Subd. (a)(1): Collection from any a
Page 523 and 524:
Subd. (a)(4): Collection from parol
Page 525 and 526:
(iii): The person has any record of
Page 527 and 528:
on duty, which must include the det
Page 529 and 530:
(3): Only tests of value to law enf
Page 531 and 532:
taking of the sample, is a constitu
Page 533 and 534:
With Probable Cause When the Vehicl
Page 535 and 536:
If his car is within the “lunging
Page 537 and 538:
Thornton v. United States, supra, a
Page 539 and 540:
see also United States v. Finley (5
Page 541 and 542:
Superior Court [Nasmeh] (2007) 151
Page 543 and 544:
cause to believe is there, is subje
Page 545 and 546:
(Wyoming v. Houghton (1999) 526 U.S
Page 547 and 548:
Where the defendant’s bloody shoe
Page 549 and 550:
Using an inventory search of a vehi
Page 551 and 552:
© 2011 Robert C. Phillips. All rig
Page 553 and 554:
Court as authority for an officer t
Page 555 and 556:
594, 598-599 [69 L.Ed.2 nd 262, 268
Page 557 and 558:
The California Supreme Court has ru
Page 559 and 560:
California is now in accord with th
Page 561 and 562:
driving on a suspended license or n
Page 563 and 564:
“As a general rule, to satisfy th
Page 565 and 566:
ills she used were counterfeit. Als
Page 567 and 568:
courts have extended Fourth Amendme
Page 569 and 570:
Cir. 1993) 6 F.3 rd 673; but see St
Page 571 and 572:
supervisors was tested by the O’C
Page 573 and 574:
Securing the Premises pending the o
Page 575 and 576:
Securing Cases: Securing a residenc
Page 577 and 578:
asking questions of the occupant th
Page 579 and 580:
Note: Exigent circumstances might b
Page 581 and 582:
uyers the house, was not authorized
Page 583 and 584:
See “Protective Sweeps,” below.
Page 585 and 586:
upheld absent an articulable reason
Page 587 and 588:
insufficient cause to do a protecti
Page 589 and 590:
yard, in that his marijuana plants
Page 591 and 592:
for believing’ that ‘a person w
Page 593 and 594:
Welfare Checks, the “Emergency Ai
Page 595 and 596:
that an emergency is unfolding in t
Page 597 and 598:
apparently had been struck. The war
Page 599 and 600:
the immediate, warrantless entry in
Page 601 and 602:
Emergency Exception and the Odor of
Page 603 and 604:
pp. 45-52]; People v. Codinha (1982
Page 605 and 606:
Chapter 11 New Law Enforcement Tech
Page 607 and 608:
California’s previous rule that o
Page 609 and 610:
public. Knotts, although warning th
Page 611 and 612:
of keeping weapons off campuses. Th
Page 613 and 614:
interests.’” (United States v.
Page 615 and 616:
Referring to the standards for the
Page 617 and 618:
Chapter 13 Searches of Containers:
Page 619 and 620:
Incident to Arrest, In a Vehicle: W
Page 621 and 622:
asking a friend to retrieve what of
Page 623 and 624:
Searches of Cell Phones, Disks, Com
Page 625 and 626:
program unavailable to the general
Page 627 and 628:
the result of work-related messagin
Page 629 and 630:
The Fourth Amendment was not implic
Page 631 and 632:
Customs Inspections: Similarly, the
Page 633 and 634:
An addressee has both a possessory
Page 635 and 636:
Chapter 14 Border Searches: General
Page 637 and 638:
The statutory authority for the Coa
Page 639 and 640:
431 U.S 606, 619-622 [52 L.Ed.2 nd
Page 641 and 642:
Cutting open luggage, if permanent
Page 643 and 644:
normal expectation of privacy. It m
Page 645 and 646:
See also United States v. Berber-Ti
Page 647 and 648:
Chapter 15 Fourth Waiver Searches:
Page 649 and 650:
§ 3067, so long as he knew that th
Page 651 and 652:
justify a search for stolen propert
Page 653 and 654:
ather than the probation officer as
Page 655 and 656:
The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal h
Page 657 and 658:
a parolee. (Samson v. California (2
Page 659 and 660:
Searching While In Ignorance of a S
Page 661 and 662:
the defendant was subject to either
Page 663 and 664:
A suspect subject to search and sei
Page 665 and 666:
[roommate's consent, obtained after
Page 667 and 668:
officers have a “reasonable suspi
Page 669 and 670:
Viers further held that it was irre
Page 671 and 672:
ecord of assault on a peace officer
Page 673 and 674:
“(T)he government’s burden to s
Page 675 and 676:
“(I)mplicit in the officer’s st
Page 677 and 678:
© 2011 Robert C. Phillips. All rig
Page 679 and 680:
Consent During a Prolonged Detentio
Page 681 and 682:
this procedure, and therefore does
Page 683 and 684:
methamphetamine was hidden in a par
Page 685 and 686:
Issues: May a suspect withdraw con
Page 687 and 688:
But, a ruse is but one factor to co
Page 689 and 690:
a factor that should be considered
Page 691 and 692:
Examples: “(A) guest who has the
Page 693 and 694:
when the son did not pay rent, and
Page 695 and 696:
(1982) 30 Cal.3 rd 841, 855-857; wi
Page 697 and 698:
But note, should the present cotena
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