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SAN DIEGO DISTRICT ATTORNEY The Fou
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Table of Contents Page Chapter Summ
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New Crimes Committed in Response to
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The Use of Firearms 26 The Use of H
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Detention of Residents During the E
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Merchants, Library Employees and Th
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Legal Requirements of an Arrest: 14
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Telephonic Arrest Warrant 159 Ramey
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Consequences of a Ramey/Payton Viol
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P.C. § 849(c): Record of Arrest of
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Reasonableness: 229 Determining Rea
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Records of Foreign Corporations Pro
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An Informant Sworn Before A Magistr
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Exceptions 309 Prisoner Visitors 30
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Civil or Criminal Liability; Relian
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How Accomplished 373 When Warrants
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The “Plain Sight Observation” v
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Other California or United States R
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A State Hospital’s Drug Testing P
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Body Cavity Search 450 Visual Body
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Collection of Samples For Present a
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Inventory Searches 494 “Pat Down
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Securing Cases 522 Detention of a R
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Chapter 12: Open Fields: 563 Genera
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Probation: 596 Statutory Authorizat
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Limitation; Free and Voluntary Requ
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General Rule 636 Examples: 638 Land
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History: “The exclusionary rule w
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exclusion. (United States v. Cho (9
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Using the above factors, the fact t
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New Crimes Committed in Response to
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“I fully recognize that under the
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Police-Citizen Contacts: Contacts b
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“(T)he officer’s uncommunicated
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Asking a vehicle passenger to step
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Black defendant late at night, and
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690]; “threatening an unlawful de
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The information motivating an offic
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“(E)ven when a police officer is
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“probable cause,” illegal. (Uni
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y belief suspect was attempting to
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The suspect is uncooperative. The o
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People v. Soun (1995) 34 Cal.App.4
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A stop and detention based upon sta
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A “High Crime” or “High Narco
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outside its lane, was cause to effe
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(See Brendlin v. California (2007)
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across his upper torso, barring the
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under the influence to justify a tr
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Mistake of Law vs. Mistake of Fact:
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violation. (United States v. Choudh
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Motor Vehicle Passengers: To Arrest
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justify a continued detention for t
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Under the same rationale, some fede
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Flight: While the “flight” of t
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Rettele (2007) 550 U.S. 609 [167 L.
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Review was granted in this case by
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traffic stop.” (United States v.
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stop of the defendant’s car. (Uni
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660]; People v. Washburn (1968) 265
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or more), and V.C. § 23152 (drivin
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(People v. Green (1991) 227 Cal.App
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A person merely approaching a house
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suspect. Also, unconnected anonymou
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highway driver, ‘weaving all over
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Corroboration: The information moti
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putting their anonymity at risk), a
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the search,” a vice principal’s
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undue invasion of privacy. (Frankli
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The only issue left hanging by Chri
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Similar cases: No seizure when an o
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A traffic stop for a violation of V
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Spotlighting the defendant in a hig
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committed a criminal offense. (Cita
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police officers also had reasonable
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Examples: Similarly, the fact that
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910, 918-921; but qualified immunit
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United States for prosecution. (Alv
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McKinney (9 th Cir. 2005) 394 F.3 r
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is excessive force sufficient to cr
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Duty to Warn: © 2011 Robert C. Phi
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or window of the house in which the
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Applicable Statutes: P.C. § 196: H
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Constitution. A Fourth Amendment
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This presumption, however, is rebut
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v. Lee (2005) 131 Cal.App.4 th 1413
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own delusions. (People v. Mejia-Len
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caused a jury to believe that the o
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But on the other hand, it is consti
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Other federal circuits have approve
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When the suspect attacked an office
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Legal Authority for Arrests: Arrest
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Arrests by a Private Person: P.C.
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Superior Court (1950) 98 Cal.App.2
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P.C. § 830.8(c): National Park Ran
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42 U.S.C. § 1983 federal civil rig
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misdemeanor not in the officer’s
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provisions of the Penal Code on fel
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3. Battery on School Grounds during
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P.C. § 243(f)(10): “Dating Relat
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“No hard and fast rule can, howev
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during a nighttime search without j
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ooking a suspect for a non-bookable
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Violation of V.C. § 23332, relatin
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Misdemeanor domestic violence, per
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The warrant of arrest indicates tha
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pre-filing arrest warrants are now
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Michigan (2006) 547 U.S. 586 [165 L
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“Thus, for Fourth Amendment purpo
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charge, whether or not the offense
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need for justifying nighttime servi
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to their entry into the residence.
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possibility that defendant would di
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seldom, if ever, justify a warrantl
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A parolee (and, therefore, presumab
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circumstances is not an exception t
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attempt to serve an arrest warrant
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“(A)n officer’s reliance on the
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properly be charged with knowledge,
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However, the Court in Downing noted
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warrant exists for that person. (Mo
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Cal.App.3 rd 849, 854; and Johanson
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The United States Supreme Court, un
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(Cornejo v. County of San Diego (9
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A Miranda-style admonishment obviou
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A bail bondsman. A relative or othe
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The calls are to be at public expen
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P.C. § 849(c): Any record of arres
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Presumptions: See “Arrests,” ab
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Exceptions: Examples: Observations
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See “Good Faith,” below, and
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L.Ed.2 nd 496]; see also People v.
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A “knock and notice” violation:
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DNA with that left at a crime scene
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probable cause supporting the concl
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circumstances. The defendant’s ac
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A passenger in a vehicle that he ne
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Cal.App.3 rd 1209; People v. Ooley
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etained a reasonable expectation of
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documents at the time of seizure. (
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Also, using counterfeit money to re
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Determining Reasonableness: The rea
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When a stop or search is not a “r
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Case Law: Army, Navy, Air Force, or
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Chapter 6 Searches With a Search Wa
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(United States v. Reeves (9 th Cir.
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to be defective. (United States v.
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Delay of 52 days between a controll
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A warrant that failed to identify a
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mail system, or a computer server,
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Under California law, while failure
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to believe that blood, semen, or an
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served with a search warrant issued
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qualified immunity from civil liabi
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having communicated a threat to a p
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Note that Gates also describes the
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It is irrelevant that a peace offic
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cause.” (People v. Nicholls (2008
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a factor which will help to overcom
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- Page 357 and 358: protected by the wiretap statutes.
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“quashal” of the Government’s
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The “return package” consists o
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See United States v. Vesikuru (9 th
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estricted to protecting confidentia
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In a traversal motion: The trial co
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Return of Property: (4) The law enf
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Take the original warrant, with a s
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Geothermal Services Co. v. Superior
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necessary under the circumstances.
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guilty. The only issue to be resolv
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and credible information that the k
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No Search: There is no search when
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Observing defendant retrieving cont
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Examples: Exceptions: This, however
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Examples: for that purpose.’ (Peo
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To check on the welfare of persons
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that dangerous weapons will not be
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A state hospital’s drug testing p
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defendant about issues unrelated to
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School Searches: © 2011 Robert C.
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luggage on the conveyor belt for x-
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See also the concurring, minority o
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only citing the driver for a speedi
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“custodial arrest.” (See People
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Contemporaneous in Time and Place:
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search incident to an arrest where
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not be admissible in court. The lik
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manner and without use of excessive
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Examples: Holding a subject’s Ada
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A school search “will be permissi
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subjected to physical touching of h
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movements of the passenger during t
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a possible weapon below the clothin
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a finding of probable cause to sear
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Other Situations: Taking the hint,
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Searching for Identification: perso
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(United States v. Kinkade (9 th Cir
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Prisoner Searches: A person who is
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Exceptions: Although Smith has neve
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Note also authority (albeit the min
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Thompson v. Los Angeles, supra, how
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Restrictions: In the case of most m
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authority of a search warrant issue
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517, 526 [82 L.Ed.2d 393, 402-403 .
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ules nor California’s Privacy Act
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The sole exception is legal corresp
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Immediately prior to a proposed sea
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violation. (Overton v. Bazzetta, su
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(C): Forward the collected specimen
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(4): Includes attempts. (5): These
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Subd. (a)(1): Collection from any a
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Subd. (a)(4): Collection from parol
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(iii): The person has any record of
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on duty, which must include the det
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(3): Only tests of value to law enf
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taking of the sample, is a constitu
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With Probable Cause When the Vehicl
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If his car is within the “lunging
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Thornton v. United States, supra, a
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see also United States v. Finley (5
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Superior Court [Nasmeh] (2007) 151
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cause to believe is there, is subje
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(Wyoming v. Houghton (1999) 526 U.S
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Where the defendant’s bloody shoe
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Using an inventory search of a vehi
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© 2011 Robert C. Phillips. All rig
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Court as authority for an officer t
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594, 598-599 [69 L.Ed.2 nd 262, 268
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The California Supreme Court has ru
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California is now in accord with th
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driving on a suspended license or n
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“As a general rule, to satisfy th
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ills she used were counterfeit. Als
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courts have extended Fourth Amendme
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Cir. 1993) 6 F.3 rd 673; but see St
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supervisors was tested by the O’C
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Securing the Premises pending the o
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Securing Cases: Securing a residenc
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asking questions of the occupant th
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Note: Exigent circumstances might b
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uyers the house, was not authorized
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See “Protective Sweeps,” below.
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upheld absent an articulable reason
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insufficient cause to do a protecti
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yard, in that his marijuana plants
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for believing’ that ‘a person w
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Welfare Checks, the “Emergency Ai
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that an emergency is unfolding in t
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apparently had been struck. The war
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the immediate, warrantless entry in
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Emergency Exception and the Odor of
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pp. 45-52]; People v. Codinha (1982
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Chapter 11 New Law Enforcement Tech
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California’s previous rule that o
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public. Knotts, although warning th
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of keeping weapons off campuses. Th
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interests.’” (United States v.
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Referring to the standards for the
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Chapter 13 Searches of Containers:
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Incident to Arrest, In a Vehicle: W
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asking a friend to retrieve what of
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Searches of Cell Phones, Disks, Com
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program unavailable to the general
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the result of work-related messagin
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The Fourth Amendment was not implic
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Customs Inspections: Similarly, the
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An addressee has both a possessory
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Chapter 14 Border Searches: General
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The statutory authority for the Coa
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431 U.S 606, 619-622 [52 L.Ed.2 nd
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Cutting open luggage, if permanent
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normal expectation of privacy. It m
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See also United States v. Berber-Ti
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Chapter 15 Fourth Waiver Searches:
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§ 3067, so long as he knew that th
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justify a search for stolen propert
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ather than the probation officer as
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The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal h
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a parolee. (Samson v. California (2
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Searching While In Ignorance of a S
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the defendant was subject to either
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A suspect subject to search and sei
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[roommate's consent, obtained after
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officers have a “reasonable suspi
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Viers further held that it was irre
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ecord of assault on a peace officer
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“(T)he government’s burden to s
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“(I)mplicit in the officer’s st
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© 2011 Robert C. Phillips. All rig
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Consent During a Prolonged Detentio
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this procedure, and therefore does
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methamphetamine was hidden in a par
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Issues: May a suspect withdraw con
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But, a ruse is but one factor to co
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a factor that should be considered
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Examples: “(A) guest who has the
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when the son did not pay rent, and
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(1982) 30 Cal.3 rd 841, 855-857; wi
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But note, should the present cotena