Basic Concepts of Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy

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13. *Chowdhury AH, Lobo DN. Fluids and gastrointestinal function. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011;14:469-76. 14. Chowdhury AH, Cox EF, Francis ST, Lobo DN. A randomized, controlled, doubleblind crossover study on the effects of 2-liter infusions of 0.9% saline and Plasma-Lyte® 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. Ann Surg 2012;256:18-24. 15. Coller FA, Campbell KN, Vaughan HH, Iob LV, Moyer CA. Postoperative salt intolerance. Ann Surg 1944;119:533-41. 16. *Cotton BA, Guy JS, Morris JA, Jr. The cellular, metabolic, and systemic consequences of aggressive fluid resuscitation strategies. Shock 2006;26:115-21. 17. Cuthbertson DP. Effect of injury on metabolism. Biochem J 1930;2:1244. 18. Cuthbertson DP. Observations of the disturbance of metabolism produced by injury to the limbs. Q J Med 1932;1:233-46. 19. Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, et al; Surviving Sepsis Campaign Management Guidelines Committee. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004;32:858-73. Erratum in: Crit Care Med 2004;32:2169-70. Crit Care Med 2004;32:1448. 20. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Intensive Care Med 2008;34:17-60. Erratum in: Intensive Care Med 2008; 34:783-5. 21. *Dhatariya K, Levy N, Kilvert A, et al; Joint British Diabetes Societies. NHS Diabetes guideline for the perioperative management of the adult patient with diabetes. Diabet Med 2012;29:420-33. 22. Doherty M, Buggy DJ. Intraoperative fluids: how much is too much? Br J Anaesth 2012;109:69-79. 23. Drummer C, Gerzer R, Heer M, et al. Effects of an acute saline infusion on fluid and electrolyte metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol 1992; 262:F744-54. 24. Dubick MA. Current concepts in fluid resuscitation for prehospital care of combat casualties. US Army Med Dep J 2011;Apr-Jun:18-24. 25. *Edelman IS, Leibman J. Anatomy of body water and electrolytes. Am J Med 1959;27:256-77. 122
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Page 1 and 2:
Dileep N. Lobo Andrew J. P. Lewingt
Page 3 and 4:
Basic Concepts of Fluid and Electro
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Foreword This book, ‘Basic Concep
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Table of Contents 1. Normal Physiol
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ever, contains large anions such as
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Oral intake 1.5-2 L Saliva 1.5 L Ga
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Table 2: Normal maintenance require
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Kidney: this is the main organ for
Page 18 and 19:
Conversely, if the intake of Na + i
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volume at all costs. It also explai
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Conclusion Appropriate fluid therap
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Intravascular fluid volume - the to
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Colloid - a fluid consisting of mic
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Base excess - Base excess is define
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Parameter Urine output Significance
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Figure 5: Example of a vital signs
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Fluid balance charts These provide
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Osmolality In the presence of AKI,
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Chloride Despite the fact that seru
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4. Properties of Intravenous Crysta
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6-12 h. The colloid should be metab
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Table 8: Advantages and disadvantag
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Plasma- Sterofundin 0.18% Plasma-Ly
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50 Patients receiving artificial nu
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Once resuscitation has been achieve
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(3) The answer to this question is
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6. Methods of Fluid Administration
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Central Modern single or multi lume
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7. Acid-Base Balance Introduction M
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vide a simple description of the mo
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change in Pco 2 = respiratory proce
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Table 15: Causes of metabolic acido
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Renal HCO 3 - loss results from re
Page 71: Mixed acid-base disorders These are
Page 74 and 75: Urine output should be interpreted
Page 76 and 77: assess clinical response to fluid i
Page 78 and 79: Oliguria following surgery 48 h and
Page 80 and 81: Definition AKI is a result of a rap
Page 82 and 83: AKI is most commonly secondary to a
Page 84 and 85: History Examination Investigations
Page 86 and 87: Management Prevention Any patient a
Page 88 and 89: if no clinical response and no pulm
Page 90 and 91: acidosis pH 7.2-7.4 - there is ver
Page 92 and 93: Referral to nephrologist NOT all p
Page 94 and 95: Follow up Acute kidney injury is a
Page 96 and 97: DKA and HONK represent the two extr
Page 98 and 99: Fluids and insulin In the absence
Page 100 and 101: Surgery in the patient with diabete
Page 102 and 103: 10 mmol/l/day. In the differential
Page 104 and 105: portionately more water is lost tha
Page 106 and 107: Hypokalaemia: a fall in serum conce
Page 108 and 109: Four common aspects of Ca 2+ disord
Page 110 and 111: Treatment depends on severity and c
Page 112 and 113: 112
Page 114 and 115: Hypophosphataemia
Page 116 and 117: 116
Page 118 and 119: Prolonged periods of preoperative f
Page 120 and 121: position to postoperative parotitis
Page 124 and 125: 42. Hussein H, Lewington A, Kanagas
Page 126 and 127: 67. *Michell AR. Diuresis and diarr
Page 128 and 129: 94. *Stewart PA. Modern quantitativ
Page 130 and 131: colloids 7, 26, 41, 42, 43 44, 45,
Page 132 and 133: intravascular compartment 20, 41, 4
Page 134 and 135: Stewart approach 63, 71 sympathetic
Page 136: Dileep N. Lobo Andrew J. P. Lewingt
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