Basic Concepts of Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy

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colloids 7, 26, 41, 42, 43 44, 45, 51 compensatory 65, 68, 70, 71 continuous monitoring 76 creatinine 17, 30, 33, 35, 36 39, 64, 78, 80, 83 85, 86, 92, 93 creatinine concentrations 17 crystalloid administration 32, 33 crystalloids 7, 20, 35, 41, 42 44, 45, 46, 51 daily maintenance 52, 118 daily weights 86 dehydration 16, 23, 24, 35 dextrans 43 dextrose 25, 41, 42, 46, 53, 59 89, 93, 99, 100, 104 107, 113, 114 diuresis 20, 77, 96, 104 diuretics 31, 33, 69, 76, 78 85, 89, 91, 103 drugs 27, 29, 69, 80, 82 86, 89, 91, 109 electrolytes 11, 13, 14, 15, 24, 26 28, 30, 50, 52, 64, 78 83, 85, 86, 101, 111, 120 encephalopathy 90, 92, 111, 113 endothelial dysfunction 117 energy 9, 14, 67, 114 epidural analgesia 70 evaporation 15 external fluid balance 13 extracellular fluid 9, 10, 23, 25, 26 30, 32, 34, 118 extravascular 10, 11, 118 fasting 118 fluid administration 7, 29, 57, 119 fluid balance 9, 11, 22, 29, 30 34, 35, 54, 78, 81 86, 92, 120 fluid depletion 23, 69, 105, 118 fluid infusion 30, 97, 98 fluid replacement 33, 35, 60, 76 102 fluid resuscitation 88, 119, 120 fluid spaces 9, 10 fluid therapy 7, 22, 34, 41, 50 60, 74, 75, 76, 84 87, 117 fresh frozen plasma 43, 51 gas exchange 117, 118 gastrointestinal 3, 11, 12, 13, 14, 42 49, 51, 52, 54, 59 67, 68, 108, 110, 111 119, 120 gastrointestinal function 49, 119 gelatin 26, 41, 43, 44 glucose 23, 24, 25, 26, 37, 39 41, 46, 57, 67, 68, 89 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102 103, 105, 107, 114 glycogen 10, 21, 23, 105 130
haematocrit 10, 35, 39, 74 Hartmann’s solution 41 headache 90,119 heart 25, 32, 74, 84 105, 109, 115 heart failure 25, 32, 115 heart sounds 74, 84 heparin 91 hepatic 44 high anion gap 66, 67 hydrocortisone 103 hydrogen 62, 63 hydrostatic pressure 11 hydroxybutyrate 28, 65, 95, 96 hydroxyethyl starch 26, 43, 45 hyperaldosteronism 69, 104 hyperchloraemia 27, 30, 42 hyperchloraemic acidosis 27, 38, 42 99, 104, 117 118, 119 hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis 51, 68, 71 hyperglycaemia 37, 96, 102 hyperkalaemia 21, 51, 64, 88, 92 96, 98, 105 hyperkalaemic 75, 87 hypernatraemia 30, 93, 101 103, 104 hyperparathyroidism 108, 109 hypertension 79, 84 hypertriglyceridaemia 37 hyperventilation 28, 70, 119 hypervolaemia 74, 102 hypoalbuminaemia 29, 35, 65 109, 123 hypodermoclysis 59, 111 hypokalaemia 21, 30, 87, 93, 96 106, 107, 113, 114 hypokalaemic 18 hyponatraemia 16, 20, 30, 36, 37 42, 101, 102, 103 hypoparathyroidism 109 hypoperfusion 30, 73, 75, 82, 91 hypothalamus 16 hypotonic fluid 20, 36, 102, 103, 104 hypotonic saline 42 hypovolaemia 20, 29, 30, 32, 55 70, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79 82, 83, 87, 92, 103 hypovolaemic 33, 64, 67, 75, 87 immunoglobulin 43 indications 19, 43, 45, 109 infants 23 inflammation 19, 58 inflammatory 57, 79, 86, 91, 111 insulin 37, 67, 89, 95, 96 98, 99, 100, 103, 105 106, 107, 113 insulin infusion 98, 100 insulin resistance 95 insulin secretion 95, 96, 107, 113 insulin treatment 37, 96, 99 intracellular component 10 intracellular fluid 9, 23, 27, 41 intracellular protein 21 131
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Dileep N. Lobo Andrew J. P. Lewingt
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Basic Concepts of Fluid and Electro
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Foreword This book, ‘Basic Concep
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Table of Contents 1. Normal Physiol
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ever, contains large anions such as
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Oral intake 1.5-2 L Saliva 1.5 L Ga
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Table 2: Normal maintenance require
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Kidney: this is the main organ for
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Conversely, if the intake of Na + i
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volume at all costs. It also explai
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Conclusion Appropriate fluid therap
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Intravascular fluid volume - the to
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Colloid - a fluid consisting of mic
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Base excess - Base excess is define
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Parameter Urine output Significance
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Figure 5: Example of a vital signs
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Fluid balance charts These provide
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Osmolality In the presence of AKI,
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Chloride Despite the fact that seru
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4. Properties of Intravenous Crysta
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6-12 h. The colloid should be metab
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Table 8: Advantages and disadvantag
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Plasma- Sterofundin 0.18% Plasma-Ly
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50 Patients receiving artificial nu
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Once resuscitation has been achieve
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(3) The answer to this question is
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6. Methods of Fluid Administration
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Central Modern single or multi lume
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7. Acid-Base Balance Introduction M
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vide a simple description of the mo
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change in Pco 2 = respiratory proce
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Table 15: Causes of metabolic acido
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Renal HCO 3 - loss results from re
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Mixed acid-base disorders These are
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Urine output should be interpreted
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assess clinical response to fluid i
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Oliguria following surgery 48 h and
Page 80 and 81: Definition AKI is a result of a rap
Page 82 and 83: AKI is most commonly secondary to a
Page 84 and 85: History Examination Investigations
Page 86 and 87: Management Prevention Any patient a
Page 88 and 89: if no clinical response and no pulm
Page 90 and 91: acidosis pH 7.2-7.4 - there is ver
Page 92 and 93: Referral to nephrologist NOT all p
Page 94 and 95: Follow up Acute kidney injury is a
Page 96 and 97: DKA and HONK represent the two extr
Page 98 and 99: Fluids and insulin In the absence
Page 100 and 101: Surgery in the patient with diabete
Page 102 and 103: 10 mmol/l/day. In the differential
Page 104 and 105: portionately more water is lost tha
Page 106 and 107: Hypokalaemia: a fall in serum conce
Page 108 and 109: Four common aspects of Ca 2+ disord
Page 110 and 111: Treatment depends on severity and c
Page 112 and 113: 112
Page 114 and 115: Hypophosphataemia
Page 116 and 117: 116
Page 118 and 119: Prolonged periods of preoperative f
Page 120 and 121: position to postoperative parotitis
Page 122 and 123: 13. *Chowdhury AH, Lobo DN. Fluids
Page 124 and 125: 42. Hussein H, Lewington A, Kanagas
Page 126 and 127: 67. *Michell AR. Diuresis and diarr
Page 128 and 129: 94. *Stewart PA. Modern quantitativ
Page 132 and 133: intravascular compartment 20, 41, 4
Page 134 and 135: Stewart approach 63, 71 sympathetic
Page 136: Dileep N. Lobo Andrew J. P. Lewingt
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Basic Concepts of Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy

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