Life Cycle Assessments of Energy From Solid Waste (PDF)

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Contents PREFACE ABSTRACT SUMMARY CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS 1 INTRODUCTION 9 1.1 BACKGROUND 9 1.2 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT 10 1.3 AIM AND SCOPE OF PRESENT STUDY 11 1.4 SOME GUIDANCE TO THE READER 11 2 METHODOLOGY 12 2.1 GENERAL LCA METHODOLOGY 12 2.1.1 Introduction 12 2.1.2 Goal and scope definition 13 2.1.3 Life cycle inventory analysis 14 2.1.4 Life cycle impact assessment 15 2.1.5 Interpretation 17 2.2 LCA METHODOLOGY AND INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 17 2.2.1 Upstream and downstream system boundaries 17 2.2.2 Open-loop recycling 18 2.2.3 Multi-input allocation 20 2.2.4 Time aspects 20 2.2.5 Landfills as carbon sinks 21 2.2.6 Life cycle impact assessment of integrated solid waste management systems 22 2.3 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGICAL CHOICES MADE IN THIS STUDY 23 2.3.1 Functional unit 23 2.3.2 Specification of the goal 23 2.3.3 Waste materials, treatment methods and the use of scenarios 23 2.3.4 System boundaries 24 2.3.5 Open-loop recycling 25 2.3.6 Time aspects in the case of landfills 25 2.3.7 Landfills as a carbon sink 26 2.3.8 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 26 2.3.9 Data quality and uncertainty 27 2.4 THE LCA-MODEL IN SIMA PRO 4.0 28 2.4.1 Methodology and inventory 28 2.4.2 Impact assessment 29 2.4.3 Result presentation 29 3 SCENARIOS AND MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS 30 3.1 INTRODUCTION 30 3.2 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION 30 3.3 HEAT PRODUCTION 31 3.3.1 Heat source 31 3.3.2 Ashes 32 3.3.3 Forest saved when recycling paper products 32 3.4 TRANSPORT 32 Recycling 33 Digestion and Composting 34 Incineration 34 2
Landfill 35 3.5 LANDFILL MODELLING 36 3.5.1 Scenario Surveyable Time period (ST) 36 3.5.2 Scenario ST + Carbon Sink 36 3.6 SCENARIO PLASTIC PALISADE 37 3.7 QUALITATIVE DISCUSSIONS 37 3.8 ADDITIONAL TIME PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBAL WARMING 37 3.9 SUMMARY OF THE SCENARIOS 37 3.9.1 Base Scenario 37 3.9.2 Medium transports scenario 38 3.9.3 Long transports scenario 38 3.9.4 Medium transport plus transport by passenger car 38 3.9.5 Natural gas scenario 38 3.9.6 Saved forest scenario 38 3.9.7 Surveyable time period scenario 38 3.9.8 ST + Carbon sink scenario 38 3.9.9 Plastic palisade scenario 38 3.9.10 Excluding metals in ashes from biofuels scenario 38 3.9.11 Qualitative discussion on degree of efficiency for incineration plants 38 3.9.12 Qualitative discussion on characterisation of metals 38 3.9.13 Additional time perspectives on global warming 39 4 HOUSEHOLD WASTE COMPOSITION 40 4.1 INTRODUCTION 40 4.2 AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD WASTE COMPOSITION 40 4.2.1 Composition of waste fractions 41 Food waste 43 Newspaper 43 Corrugated cardboard 44 Mixed cardboard 44 Plastics 44 5. PROCESSES 46 5.1 INTRODUCTION 46 5.2 RECYCLING 46 5.2.1 General description 46 5.2.2 Newspaper 47 Recycling 47 Virgin production 49 5.2.3 Corrugated cardboard 49 Recycling 49 Virgin production 50 5.2.4 Mixed cardboard 50 Recycling 50 Virgin production 51 5.2.5 PE 51 Recycling 51 Virgin production 52 5.2.6 PET 52 Recycling 52 Virgin production 54 5.2.7 PVC, PS and PP 54 Recycling 54 Virgin production 54 5.2.8 Saved forest from paper recycling 55 5.2.9 Plastic palisade 55 Recycling of mixed plastic waste into palisades 55 Virgin production of palisade from wood 56 5.2.10 Composition of mixed plastics, wood and impregnated wood 57 5.3 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 57 5.3.1 General description 57 Energy consumption 59 3
Page 1: Life Cycle Assessments of Energy fr
Page 4 and 5: ISBN 91-7056-103-6 ISSN 1404-6520,
Page 6 and 7: Ekvall, T. and Finnveden, G. (2000)
Page 9 and 10: Summary We live in a changing world
Page 11: fractions are included. In Figures.
Page 16 and 17: Nutrients content in digestion resi
Page 18 and 19: 7.6.6 Summary 125 7.7 RESULTS SCENA
Page 20 and 21: USES VOC YLD YLL Uniform system for
Page 22 and 23: discussed. Another question is wher
Page 24 and 25: 2 Methodology 2.1 General LCA metho
Page 26 and 27: geographical coverage, and consiste
Page 28 and 29: Weighting is and has always been a
Page 30 and 31: 2.2.2 Open-loop recycling Open-loop
Page 32 and 33: often assumed to replace virgin pap
Page 34 and 35: the differentiation between biotic
Page 36 and 37: composting of the food waste. Sourc
Page 38 and 39: 2.3.7 Landfills as a carbon sink In
Page 40 and 41: et al (1998) (recycling of PET), He
Page 42 and 43: 3 Scenarios and major assumptions 3
Page 44 and 45: of the incinerator capacity. If, ho
Page 46 and 47: Finally, in the long transport scen
Page 48 and 49: Table 3.4 Vehicles and distances wi
Page 50 and 51: 3.9.2 Medium transports scenario Th
Page 52 and 53: 4 Household waste composition 4.1 I
Page 54 and 55: Table 4.4 Composition of the fracti
Page 56 and 57: defined composition of newspaper. T
Page 58 and 59: 5. Processes 5.1 Introduction The w
Page 60 and 61: WASTE PAPER ADDITIVES EL. TRANSPORT
Page 62 and 63: Combining testliner and wellenstoff
Page 64 and 65:
The first step in the recycling pro
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involves PET-resin production from
Page 68 and 69:
PE as described in section 5.2. Thi
Page 70 and 71:
The original inventory data for ana
Page 72 and 73:
5.3.3 Avoided production of fertili
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FOOD WASTE TRANSPORT ENERGY INCL EL
Page 76 and 77:
The heat released in the kiln is ca
Page 78 and 79:
Aluminium, CaCO 3 , clay, crude oil
Page 80 and 81:
Emissions formed during landfill fi
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energy used for purification is ass
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5.7.2 Exceptions Marginal electrici
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Combustion of biomass is not consid
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6.2.5 Stratospheric ozone depletion
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Table 6.2 Some emissions lacking a
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Table 6.4 Some emissions lacking a
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Non-treated waste All waste that ha
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Table 6.6 continued… Impact categ
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6.4.4 Additions For some substances
Page 100 and 101:
categories for the substances found
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For PET most energy is saved in the
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Table 7.2 The table shows weighted
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The results for the food waste frac
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for both alternatives. Most of this
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7.2.13 Undefined substances As disc
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Table 7.4 The results for all impac
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7.3.1 Energy, abiotic resources and
Page 116 and 117:
7.3.3 Toxicological effects Medium
Page 118 and 119:
7.3.5 Summary A final summary of th
Page 120 and 121:
7.4.2 Non-toxicological impacts For
Page 122 and 123:
7.4.4 Total weighted results Change
Page 124 and 125:
Table 7.16 Comparison between a sce
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The categories acidification (excl
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7.5.4 Total weighted results When u
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7.5.5 Summary A final summary of th
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Table 7.22 Weighted results for the
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A similar pattern results for SO x
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Table 7.25 Weighted results for hum
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Table 7.27 The ranking of the waste
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Table 7.29 Weighted results for the
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Table 7.31 Weighted results for hum
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7.8.2 Non-toxicological impacts The
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Opposite to the USESmin results, no
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More alterations in ranking occur i
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Table 7.39 Weighted global warming
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7.10 Results Scenario Plastic Palis
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Table 7.43 The ranking of the waste
Page 156 and 157:
In category human toxicology there
Page 158 and 159:
7.12 Results Qualitative discussion
Page 160 and 161:
Table 7.49 The 100 year perspective
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Table 7.50 Continued Different time
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(MJ/ton) 0.0E+00 -1.0E+04 -2.0E+04
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materials in the base scenario (sec
Page 168 and 169:
In general anaerobic digestion is p
Page 170 and 171:
8.4 Limitations and need for furthe
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separation of fractions to be incin
Page 174 and 175:
CEPI and BIR (1999). European List
Page 176 and 177:
Finnveden, G., and T. Ekvall (1998)
Page 178 and 179:
Johansson, S. (1998). Förstudie av
Page 180 and 181:
Tukker, A. (1999a). Life Cycle Asse
Page 183 and 184:
Additives Active pesticide Record:
Page 185 and 186:
HCl (100%) B250 - (Hydrochloric aci
Page 187 and 188:
NaClO 3 - (Sodiumchlorate) Record:
Page 189 and 190:
Inputs from technosphere: Potato S
Page 191 and 192:
natural gas, coal, water, silver an
Page 193 and 194:
Energy - heat Heat diesel B250 Reco
Page 195 and 196:
MJth gas energy Record: IVAM Refere
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of the coal and efficiency losses.
Page 199 and 200:
MJel oil NL Record: IVAM References
Page 201 and 202:
Gaslinetransport NL Record: IVAM Re
Page 203 and 204:
Other Wastew. Treatment industry Re
Page 205 and 206:
Chauvel & Lefebvre (1989) Chauvel &
Page 207 and 208:
LCA-landbouw LCA-landbouw Database
Page 209 and 210:
Remmerswaal (1996) J.Remmerswaal, F
Page 211:
VNC Vereniging Nederlandse Cementin
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