Life Cycle Assessments of Energy From Solid Waste (PDF)

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et al (1998) (recycling of PET), Heyde and Kremer (1999) (recycling of mixed plastics), Nilsson (1997) (composting and anaerobic digestion), Uppenberg et al. (1999) (fuels), Frees and Weidema (1998) (electricity and transports). In addition we have used several databases in Sima Pro 4.0 described in section 2.4.1. In order to facilitate the interpretation of the results we have estimated uncertainties in the data used and the results for different impact categories, Table 2.2. These estimations are based on previous publications on rules-of-thumb for data uncertainties (Lindfors et al. 1995, Finnveden and Lindfors 1998). It can be noted that the uncertainties in the input categories (total energy, non-renewable energy and abiotic resources) are lower and it may be easier to base conclusions on these categories. Some comments concerning the estimated uncertainties can be made. The uncertainties for the input categories are the same as the rule of thumb for central, non-substitutable resources (Finnveden and Lindfors 1998). The rule-of thumb for energy related air emissions is one order of magnitude (Finnveden and Lindfors 1998). We suggest this number for several impact categories associated with air emissions. For other process-specific emissions, the rule-of-thumb suggests a variation of one to two orders of magnitude or larger if mistakes or very different technologies can appear. We suggest a factor of 100 in most cases and a factor of 1000 for some impact categories where large uncertainties and data gaps can be expected. 2.4 The LCA-model in Sima Pro 4.0 In this study the program Sima Pro 4.0 (PRé 1999b) is used. A brief presentation of the program is given here. For a more thorough description, the reader is referred to the available documentation of the program (PRé 1999a, b, c) 2.4.1 Methodology and inventory Sima Pro 4.0 (SP) is a product related software based on LCA-methodology. The programme is produced by the Dutch company PRé Consultants B.V. The inventory data records consist of different input and output categories. The inputs to a process can be divided in two types: • Inputs of resources from the environment, the biosphere. • Inputs of products or semi-finished products to the technical system or the technosphere, which are outputs from other processes Similarly, there are two types of outputs: • Outputs of air or waterborne emissions, emissions to soil and solid or non-material emissions to the biosphere. • Outputs of a product or semi-finished product, which could be input to another technical system or output to the biosphere. To document these flows for a process in SP, a process data record is used. The process data record is based on the SPOLD (Society for Promotion Of Life-cycle Assessment Development) format. The aim with the SPOLD format is to, in a standardised way, document and present inventory data. This makes its possible to exchange data between users of this format. In the process record it is also possible to make the methodological choice between allocation or avoided production (subtracted system). The SP process data records used in the inventory of this study are presented in Appendix 5. 28
The standard version of SP includes the databases BUWAL 250 (BUWAL 1998), IDEMAT database (Remmerswaal 1996) and PRé 4 database (PRé 1999c). The program has been supplemented with the commercially available databases FRANKLIN US LCI database (Franklin 1998) and IVAM 2.0 database (IVAM 1998). To these databases we have added data from different sources as briefly described in section 2.3 and in more detail in chapter 5. Collected and complemented data for this study could technically also be available in a future database. When constructing a process data record in SP there is a menu of different process categories to choose between. They are materials, energy, transports, processing, use, waste scenarios and waste treatment. Since the program is product related, there is flexibility to a certain degree to construct a transparent and flexible Integrated Solid Waste Management model. Process data records in the material category are used to document and model the included scenarios of this study. In these data records the amounts of the included waste fractions are documented and the treatment process used. The treatment processes are documented in the waste treatment category. 2.4.2 Impact assessment SP includes a number of methods for life cycle impact assessment. Among these we have only used Eco-indicator 99 (Goedkoop and Spriensma 1999). In addition we have added a number of different characterisation and weighting methods as described in chapter 6. 2.4.3 Result presentation The inventory results for the system in alternative scenarios are presented in SP in an inventory table. The total inventory result for the system is presented but also the contribution from each sub-process separately. The total result from each of the sub-steps of the impact assessment can be viewed aggregated together or as the contribution from each substance to a specific impact category. 29
Page 1: Life Cycle Assessments of Energy fr
Page 4 and 5: ISBN 91-7056-103-6 ISSN 1404-6520,
Page 6 and 7: Ekvall, T. and Finnveden, G. (2000)
Page 9 and 10: Summary We live in a changing world
Page 11: fractions are included. In Figures.
Page 14 and 15: Contents PREFACE ABSTRACT SUMMARY C
Page 16 and 17: Nutrients content in digestion resi
Page 18 and 19: 7.6.6 Summary 125 7.7 RESULTS SCENA
Page 20 and 21: USES VOC YLD YLL Uniform system for
Page 22 and 23: discussed. Another question is wher
Page 24 and 25: 2 Methodology 2.1 General LCA metho
Page 26 and 27: geographical coverage, and consiste
Page 28 and 29: Weighting is and has always been a
Page 30 and 31: 2.2.2 Open-loop recycling Open-loop
Page 32 and 33: often assumed to replace virgin pap
Page 34 and 35: the differentiation between biotic
Page 36 and 37: composting of the food waste. Sourc
Page 38 and 39: 2.3.7 Landfills as a carbon sink In
Page 42 and 43: 3 Scenarios and major assumptions 3
Page 44 and 45: of the incinerator capacity. If, ho
Page 46 and 47: Finally, in the long transport scen
Page 48 and 49: Table 3.4 Vehicles and distances wi
Page 50 and 51: 3.9.2 Medium transports scenario Th
Page 52 and 53: 4 Household waste composition 4.1 I
Page 54 and 55: Table 4.4 Composition of the fracti
Page 56 and 57: defined composition of newspaper. T
Page 58 and 59: 5. Processes 5.1 Introduction The w
Page 60 and 61: WASTE PAPER ADDITIVES EL. TRANSPORT
Page 62 and 63: Combining testliner and wellenstoff
Page 64 and 65: The first step in the recycling pro
Page 66 and 67: involves PET-resin production from
Page 68 and 69: PE as described in section 5.2. Thi
Page 70 and 71: The original inventory data for ana
Page 72 and 73: 5.3.3 Avoided production of fertili
Page 74 and 75: FOOD WASTE TRANSPORT ENERGY INCL EL
Page 76 and 77: The heat released in the kiln is ca
Page 78 and 79: Aluminium, CaCO 3 , clay, crude oil
Page 80 and 81: Emissions formed during landfill fi
Page 82 and 83: energy used for purification is ass
Page 84 and 85: 5.7.2 Exceptions Marginal electrici
Page 86 and 87: Combustion of biomass is not consid
Page 88 and 89: 6.2.5 Stratospheric ozone depletion
Page 90 and 91:
Table 6.2 Some emissions lacking a
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Table 6.4 Some emissions lacking a
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Non-treated waste All waste that ha
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Table 6.6 continued… Impact categ
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6.4.4 Additions For some substances
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categories for the substances found
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For PET most energy is saved in the
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Table 7.2 The table shows weighted
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The results for the food waste frac
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for both alternatives. Most of this
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7.2.13 Undefined substances As disc
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Table 7.4 The results for all impac
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7.3.1 Energy, abiotic resources and
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7.3.3 Toxicological effects Medium
Page 118 and 119:
7.3.5 Summary A final summary of th
Page 120 and 121:
7.4.2 Non-toxicological impacts For
Page 122 and 123:
7.4.4 Total weighted results Change
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Table 7.16 Comparison between a sce
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The categories acidification (excl
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7.5.4 Total weighted results When u
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7.5.5 Summary A final summary of th
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Table 7.22 Weighted results for the
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A similar pattern results for SO x
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Table 7.25 Weighted results for hum
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Table 7.27 The ranking of the waste
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Table 7.29 Weighted results for the
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Table 7.31 Weighted results for hum
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7.8.2 Non-toxicological impacts The
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Opposite to the USESmin results, no
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More alterations in ranking occur i
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Table 7.39 Weighted global warming
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7.10 Results Scenario Plastic Palis
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Table 7.43 The ranking of the waste
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In category human toxicology there
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7.12 Results Qualitative discussion
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Table 7.49 The 100 year perspective
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Table 7.50 Continued Different time
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(MJ/ton) 0.0E+00 -1.0E+04 -2.0E+04
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materials in the base scenario (sec
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In general anaerobic digestion is p
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8.4 Limitations and need for furthe
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separation of fractions to be incin
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CEPI and BIR (1999). European List
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Finnveden, G., and T. Ekvall (1998)
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Johansson, S. (1998). Förstudie av
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Tukker, A. (1999a). Life Cycle Asse
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Additives Active pesticide Record:
Page 185 and 186:
HCl (100%) B250 - (Hydrochloric aci
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NaClO 3 - (Sodiumchlorate) Record:
Page 189 and 190:
Inputs from technosphere: Potato S
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natural gas, coal, water, silver an
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Energy - heat Heat diesel B250 Reco
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MJth gas energy Record: IVAM Refere
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of the coal and efficiency losses.
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MJel oil NL Record: IVAM References
Page 201 and 202:
Gaslinetransport NL Record: IVAM Re
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Other Wastew. Treatment industry Re
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Chauvel & Lefebvre (1989) Chauvel &
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LCA-landbouw LCA-landbouw Database
Page 209 and 210:
Remmerswaal (1996) J.Remmerswaal, F
Page 211:
VNC Vereniging Nederlandse Cementin
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