Life Cycle Assessments of Energy From Solid Waste (PDF)

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3.9.2 Medium transports scenario The medium transports scenario is identical to the base scenario except that the transport distances related to the waste management are increased to a medium degree, as described in section 3.4. 3.9.3 Long transports scenario In the long transports scenario the transports by truck are increased further as described in section 3.4, mainly for the transport of waste to recycling facilities. 3.9.4 Medium transport plus transport by passenger car The scenario medium transports plus transports by passenger cars is identical to the medium transports scenario except that some transports of waste materials are assumed to be made by private cars as described in section 3.4. 3.9.5 Natural gas scenario The natural gas scenario is identical to the base scenario except that the avoided heat is assumed to be produced from natural gas. 3.9.6 Saved forest scenario The saved forest scenario is identical to the previous except that the ”saved” forest from paper recycling is used as a fuel replacing natural gas. 3.9.7 Surveyable time period scenario The surveyable time period scenario is identical to the base scenario except that only a shorter time period (the surveyable time period) is considered. This affects landfills and emissions from ashes retrieved to the forest after incineration of forest residues. 3.9.8 ST + Carbon sink scenario The carbon sink scenario is identical to the surveyable time period scenario except that the landfill is modelled as a carbon sink for renewable materials. 3.9.9 Plastic palisade scenario The plastic palisade scenario is identical to the base scenario except that mixed plastics are assumed to be recycled into palisades which replace wooden palisades impregnated with copper compounds. Only the plastic fractions are looked upon. 3.9.10 Excluding metals in ashes from biofuels scenario The excluding metals in ashes from biofuels scenario is identical to the base scenario except that metals in the ashes from incineration of forest residues are disregarded from the assessment. 3.9.11 Qualitative discussion on degree of efficiency for incineration plants Here it is qualitatively discussed how different assumptions regarding energy efficiency can influence the assessment. 3.9.12 Qualitative discussion on characterisation of metals Here it is qualitatively discussed how different characterisations of metal emissions, which have been inventoried as an aggregate, can affect the assessment. 38
3.9.13 Additional time perspectives on global warming Different time frames, 20 and 500 years, for the characterisation of global warming impact is tested. In the base scenario the 100 years time frame is used. 39
Page 1: Life Cycle Assessments of Energy fr
Page 4 and 5: ISBN 91-7056-103-6 ISSN 1404-6520,
Page 6 and 7: Ekvall, T. and Finnveden, G. (2000)
Page 9 and 10: Summary We live in a changing world
Page 11: fractions are included. In Figures.
Page 14 and 15: Contents PREFACE ABSTRACT SUMMARY C
Page 16 and 17: Nutrients content in digestion resi
Page 18 and 19: 7.6.6 Summary 125 7.7 RESULTS SCENA
Page 20 and 21: USES VOC YLD YLL Uniform system for
Page 22 and 23: discussed. Another question is wher
Page 24 and 25: 2 Methodology 2.1 General LCA metho
Page 26 and 27: geographical coverage, and consiste
Page 28 and 29: Weighting is and has always been a
Page 30 and 31: 2.2.2 Open-loop recycling Open-loop
Page 32 and 33: often assumed to replace virgin pap
Page 34 and 35: the differentiation between biotic
Page 36 and 37: composting of the food waste. Sourc
Page 38 and 39: 2.3.7 Landfills as a carbon sink In
Page 40 and 41: et al (1998) (recycling of PET), He
Page 42 and 43: 3 Scenarios and major assumptions 3
Page 44 and 45: of the incinerator capacity. If, ho
Page 46 and 47: Finally, in the long transport scen
Page 48 and 49: Table 3.4 Vehicles and distances wi
Page 52 and 53: 4 Household waste composition 4.1 I
Page 54 and 55: Table 4.4 Composition of the fracti
Page 56 and 57: defined composition of newspaper. T
Page 58 and 59: 5. Processes 5.1 Introduction The w
Page 60 and 61: WASTE PAPER ADDITIVES EL. TRANSPORT
Page 62 and 63: Combining testliner and wellenstoff
Page 64 and 65: The first step in the recycling pro
Page 66 and 67: involves PET-resin production from
Page 68 and 69: PE as described in section 5.2. Thi
Page 70 and 71: The original inventory data for ana
Page 72 and 73: 5.3.3 Avoided production of fertili
Page 74 and 75: FOOD WASTE TRANSPORT ENERGY INCL EL
Page 76 and 77: The heat released in the kiln is ca
Page 78 and 79: Aluminium, CaCO 3 , clay, crude oil
Page 80 and 81: Emissions formed during landfill fi
Page 82 and 83: energy used for purification is ass
Page 84 and 85: 5.7.2 Exceptions Marginal electrici
Page 86 and 87: Combustion of biomass is not consid
Page 88 and 89: 6.2.5 Stratospheric ozone depletion
Page 90 and 91: Table 6.2 Some emissions lacking a
Page 92 and 93: Table 6.4 Some emissions lacking a
Page 94 and 95: Non-treated waste All waste that ha
Page 96 and 97: Table 6.6 continued… Impact categ
Page 98 and 99: 6.4.4 Additions For some substances
Page 100 and 101:
categories for the substances found
Page 102 and 103:
For PET most energy is saved in the
Page 104 and 105:
Table 7.2 The table shows weighted
Page 106 and 107:
The results for the food waste frac
Page 108 and 109:
for both alternatives. Most of this
Page 110 and 111:
7.2.13 Undefined substances As disc
Page 112 and 113:
Table 7.4 The results for all impac
Page 114 and 115:
7.3.1 Energy, abiotic resources and
Page 116 and 117:
7.3.3 Toxicological effects Medium
Page 118 and 119:
7.3.5 Summary A final summary of th
Page 120 and 121:
7.4.2 Non-toxicological impacts For
Page 122 and 123:
7.4.4 Total weighted results Change
Page 124 and 125:
Table 7.16 Comparison between a sce
Page 126 and 127:
The categories acidification (excl
Page 128 and 129:
7.5.4 Total weighted results When u
Page 130 and 131:
7.5.5 Summary A final summary of th
Page 132 and 133:
Table 7.22 Weighted results for the
Page 134 and 135:
A similar pattern results for SO x
Page 136 and 137:
Table 7.25 Weighted results for hum
Page 138 and 139:
Table 7.27 The ranking of the waste
Page 140 and 141:
Table 7.29 Weighted results for the
Page 142 and 143:
Table 7.31 Weighted results for hum
Page 144 and 145:
7.8.2 Non-toxicological impacts The
Page 146 and 147:
Opposite to the USESmin results, no
Page 148 and 149:
More alterations in ranking occur i
Page 150 and 151:
Table 7.39 Weighted global warming
Page 152 and 153:
7.10 Results Scenario Plastic Palis
Page 154 and 155:
Table 7.43 The ranking of the waste
Page 156 and 157:
In category human toxicology there
Page 158 and 159:
7.12 Results Qualitative discussion
Page 160 and 161:
Table 7.49 The 100 year perspective
Page 162 and 163:
Table 7.50 Continued Different time
Page 164 and 165:
(MJ/ton) 0.0E+00 -1.0E+04 -2.0E+04
Page 166 and 167:
materials in the base scenario (sec
Page 168 and 169:
In general anaerobic digestion is p
Page 170 and 171:
8.4 Limitations and need for furthe
Page 172 and 173:
separation of fractions to be incin
Page 174 and 175:
CEPI and BIR (1999). European List
Page 176 and 177:
Finnveden, G., and T. Ekvall (1998)
Page 178 and 179:
Johansson, S. (1998). Förstudie av
Page 180 and 181:
Tukker, A. (1999a). Life Cycle Asse
Page 183 and 184:
Additives Active pesticide Record:
Page 185 and 186:
HCl (100%) B250 - (Hydrochloric aci
Page 187 and 188:
NaClO 3 - (Sodiumchlorate) Record:
Page 189 and 190:
Inputs from technosphere: Potato S
Page 191 and 192:
natural gas, coal, water, silver an
Page 193 and 194:
Energy - heat Heat diesel B250 Reco
Page 195 and 196:
MJth gas energy Record: IVAM Refere
Page 197 and 198:
of the coal and efficiency losses.
Page 199 and 200:
MJel oil NL Record: IVAM References
Page 201 and 202:
Gaslinetransport NL Record: IVAM Re
Page 203 and 204:
Other Wastew. Treatment industry Re
Page 205 and 206:
Chauvel & Lefebvre (1989) Chauvel &
Page 207 and 208:
LCA-landbouw LCA-landbouw Database
Page 209 and 210:
Remmerswaal (1996) J.Remmerswaal, F
Page 211:
VNC Vereniging Nederlandse Cementin
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