Life Cycle Assessments of Energy From Solid Waste (PDF)

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Electricity Holland low V Record: IVAM References: ETH Energy version 2 (1994) Energy: Electricity Holland 1993 Electricity Holland including 13,4% losses due to distribution and downscaling to 220 V (calculated percentage based on Swiss data). Also including main effects of distribution system (copper, lead and other ores used and inert final waste) according to EcoQuantum method, as calculated by including distribution losses in ETH UCPTE mix and subtracting this from UCPTE Low V. (including distribution system). Final waste (inert) is reported as solid emissions. Electricity UCPTE B250 Record: PRé Consultants References: BUWAL 250 (1996) Energy: Electricity from coal B250, Electricity from gas B250, Electricity from hydropower B250, Electricity from lignite B250, Electricity from uranium B250 and Electricity from oil B250. UCPTE electricity means the power network including the European countries excluding the British Isles. The mix thus obtained here gives the shares 17.4% electricity from coal, 7.4 % from natural gas, 16.4% from hydropower, 7.8% from lignite, 40.3% from uranium and 10.7%from oil. For each of the electricity sources production data are aggregated and obtained from the same reference. Electricity without emission B Record: PRé Consultants References: BUWAL 132 (1990) Fuels for European electricity production without emissions. This record is not to be used in an assembly or lifecycle. It is documented to be used in Buwal process trees in order to specify fuels. These data are used for Pulp for cardboard B which is in this study used in the virgin production of corrugated cardboard. The amount of pulp purchased is small compared to the biomass feedstock input and therefore the importance of the emissions excluded is small. MJel gas Holland Record: IVAM References: CBS (1992), KEMA (1992) and IVEM Energy (1992) Input from technosphere: Fuel gas (0.795 kg/m 3 ) Transport: Gaslinetransport NL Energy content of gas 35.2 MJ/m 3 . MJel NL model (set: ETH + grid) / Electricity Holland Low V Record: IVAM References: SEP/VEEN (1991), CBS (1992) and ETH (1996 and 1994) Energy: Electricity Holland 1993 This model is set up by IVAM to select basic electricity variant to be used. The one used here is Electricity Holland Low V., which in turn is based on electricity Holland 1993 including 13.4% losses due to distribution and downscaling to 220 V.
MJel oil NL Record: IVAM References: CBS (1992), SEP/VEEN (1991), Oil and Gas Information 1989-1991 Données sur le pétrol et sur le gaz IEA (1992), VROM (1993) and Milieu 2 (1990) Input from technosphere: Heavy fuel oil (0.95 kg/l) No water emissions data provided. Energy content of heavy fuel oil assumed to be 41.0 MJ/kg, 0.95 kg/l. MJel UCPTE model Record: IVAM References: BUWAL 132 (1990) This electricity model is based on of 55.3% thermic energy, 32.3% nuclear power and 12.4% hydro power in 1988. The conventional energy is subdivided in 37.5% coal, 9.7% oil and 8.1% gas. Resource inputs are coal (29.3 MJ/kg), crude oil (41.9 MJ/kg), natural gas (35.2 MJ/m 3 ) and uranium in ore (336 000 MJ/kg). The average efficiency is 37.8% and data are including mining, transportation and processing of fossil and uranium fuel carriers. Transport Carriertransport Record: IVAM References: Marmé et al. (1982), Energiekentallen 1 (1992), BUWAL 132 (1990) and TNO/RIVM (1993) Input from technosphere: Diesel (I) Energy: MJth ind energy IVAM ER Metal ores are usually transported in special bulk ore carriers. No specific emission data have been available. IVAM has derived data from sea transport emissions factors, including 12% of direct fuel for capital goods. Diesel bus Record: fms/FOA References: Egebäck et al (1997) and Uppenberg et al (1999) Data are aggregated. Diesel ship (4-stroke) Record: fms/FOA References: Danish EPA (1998) Data are aggregated. Radioactive emissions to air, water and waste are recorded. Industrial waste and hazardous waste from extraction not followed to the grave. Emissions in g/MJ of fuel (lower heating value 42.95 MJ/kg). Emission factors from CORINAIR (1996). Pre-combustion emissions from Frischknecht et al. (1994). The precombustion emissions are the same as for Diesel, heavy and medium truck. Fuel consumption 0.340 MJ/tonkm. CORINAIR (1996). The EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook (CORINAIR 90). Copenhagen: European Environment Agency. Frischknecht et al (1994). Ökoinventare für Energisysteme. Zürich: Bundesamt für Energiewirtschaft. Diesel truck highway Record: fms/FOA References: Danish EPA (1998) Data are aggregated. Radioactive emissions to air, water and waste are recorded. Industrial waste and hazardous waste from extraction not followed to the grave. Emissions in g/MJ of fuel (lower heating value 42.95 MJ/kg). Emission factors from CORINAIR (1996). Pre-combustion emissions from Frischknecht et al. (1994). Fuel
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Life Cycle Assessments of Energy fr
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ISBN 91-7056-103-6 ISSN 1404-6520,
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Ekvall, T. and Finnveden, G. (2000)
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Summary We live in a changing world
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fractions are included. In Figures.
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Contents PREFACE ABSTRACT SUMMARY C
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Nutrients content in digestion resi
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7.6.6 Summary 125 7.7 RESULTS SCENA
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USES VOC YLD YLL Uniform system for
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discussed. Another question is wher
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2 Methodology 2.1 General LCA metho
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geographical coverage, and consiste
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Weighting is and has always been a
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2.2.2 Open-loop recycling Open-loop
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often assumed to replace virgin pap
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the differentiation between biotic
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composting of the food waste. Sourc
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2.3.7 Landfills as a carbon sink In
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et al (1998) (recycling of PET), He
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3 Scenarios and major assumptions 3
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of the incinerator capacity. If, ho
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Finally, in the long transport scen
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Table 3.4 Vehicles and distances wi
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3.9.2 Medium transports scenario Th
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4 Household waste composition 4.1 I
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Table 4.4 Composition of the fracti
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defined composition of newspaper. T
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5. Processes 5.1 Introduction The w
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WASTE PAPER ADDITIVES EL. TRANSPORT
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Combining testliner and wellenstoff
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The first step in the recycling pro
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involves PET-resin production from
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PE as described in section 5.2. Thi
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The original inventory data for ana
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5.3.3 Avoided production of fertili
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FOOD WASTE TRANSPORT ENERGY INCL EL
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The heat released in the kiln is ca
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Aluminium, CaCO 3 , clay, crude oil
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Emissions formed during landfill fi
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energy used for purification is ass
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5.7.2 Exceptions Marginal electrici
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Combustion of biomass is not consid
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6.2.5 Stratospheric ozone depletion
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Table 6.2 Some emissions lacking a
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Table 6.4 Some emissions lacking a
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Non-treated waste All waste that ha
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Table 6.6 continued… Impact categ
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6.4.4 Additions For some substances
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categories for the substances found
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For PET most energy is saved in the
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Table 7.2 The table shows weighted
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The results for the food waste frac
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for both alternatives. Most of this
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7.2.13 Undefined substances As disc
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Table 7.4 The results for all impac
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7.3.1 Energy, abiotic resources and
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7.3.3 Toxicological effects Medium
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7.3.5 Summary A final summary of th
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7.4.2 Non-toxicological impacts For
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7.4.4 Total weighted results Change
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Table 7.16 Comparison between a sce
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The categories acidification (excl
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7.5.4 Total weighted results When u
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7.5.5 Summary A final summary of th
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Table 7.22 Weighted results for the
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A similar pattern results for SO x
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Table 7.25 Weighted results for hum
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Table 7.27 The ranking of the waste
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Table 7.29 Weighted results for the
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Table 7.31 Weighted results for hum
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7.8.2 Non-toxicological impacts The
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Opposite to the USESmin results, no
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Page 150 and 151: Table 7.39 Weighted global warming
Page 152 and 153: 7.10 Results Scenario Plastic Palis
Page 154 and 155: Table 7.43 The ranking of the waste
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Page 158 and 159: 7.12 Results Qualitative discussion
Page 160 and 161: Table 7.49 The 100 year perspective
Page 162 and 163: Table 7.50 Continued Different time
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Page 168 and 169: In general anaerobic digestion is p
Page 170 and 171: 8.4 Limitations and need for furthe
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Page 174 and 175: CEPI and BIR (1999). European List
Page 176 and 177: Finnveden, G., and T. Ekvall (1998)
Page 178 and 179: Johansson, S. (1998). Förstudie av
Page 180 and 181: Tukker, A. (1999a). Life Cycle Asse
Page 183 and 184: Additives Active pesticide Record:
Page 185 and 186: HCl (100%) B250 - (Hydrochloric aci
Page 187 and 188: NaClO 3 - (Sodiumchlorate) Record:
Page 189 and 190: Inputs from technosphere: Potato S
Page 191 and 192: natural gas, coal, water, silver an
Page 193 and 194: Energy - heat Heat diesel B250 Reco
Page 195 and 196: MJth gas energy Record: IVAM Refere
Page 197: of the coal and efficiency losses.
Page 201 and 202: Gaslinetransport NL Record: IVAM Re
Page 203 and 204: Other Wastew. Treatment industry Re
Page 205 and 206: Chauvel & Lefebvre (1989) Chauvel &
Page 207 and 208: LCA-landbouw LCA-landbouw Database
Page 209 and 210: Remmerswaal (1996) J.Remmerswaal, F
Page 211: VNC Vereniging Nederlandse Cementin
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