Household Metabolism in the Five Cities.

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kilometers per year that the car will travel (16,300) and the lifespan of a car (11 years). Also here we used Dutch default data. The energy intensity of the car (MJ per SEK) was then determined by dividing the energy for production and infrastructure by the price of the car, 247,445 SEK (producer price from SCB, 2002b) plus trade margins and tax from SCB (2002b). For expenditures on taxi travel, we used the information about energy use for car production and divided that figure with the depreciation of the taxi (4 years, Dutch data) and the numbers of person km driven per year and car 82,710 (Taxi Stockholm, 2001). The result was an estimate of the MJ per person km that could be related to taxi production. The energy use for running the taxi was obtained by dividing the assumed energy need per km (5.74 MJ, Dutch default data) with the occupancy rate (on average 1.7 passenger per taxi, Taxi Stockholm, 2001). We assumed that the energy use for infrastructure per km was the same as for cars (0.55 MJ), but divided that figure with the occupancy rate for taxis, 1.7. To get the total energy intensity in MJ per SEK for spending on taxi travel, the figures for production, infrastructure and running were summed and divided with the price per km for taxi travel, 15.53 SEK (Taxi Stockholm 2002). The energy intensity (MJ per SEK) of expenditures on electricity was calculated by using the consumer price for electricity in 1995, 1.06 SEK per kWh, and the stationary cost for electricity, 680 SEK during 1995 (Birka Energi 2002). The energy intensity of the electricity sector was calculated in EAP and became 2.92 MJ per SEK. Consumer prices for petrol and diesel, 7.55 SEK and 6.80 SEK per litre respectively in 1995 (SCB 2001a) were used for calculating the energy intensities for expenditures on motor fuel. For heating oil, the consumer price was 4705 SEK per m3 in 1995 (SPI, 2002). Expenditures on rent include heating and water. According to Boverket (2002), 12 % of the rent is spent on heating and 4 % on water. We assumed that district heating was used in all houses where rent was paid. In Sweden this is the dominant way of heating multi-dwelling buildings. In 1995, 68 % of the multi-dwelling buildings were heated in this way, and in 2000 the share was 75 % (SCB, 2001b). The energy intensity for heating when it was part of rent expenditures (MJ per SEK) was calculated by using the consumer price for district heating in 1995 which was 0.48 SEK per kWh, (Birka energi 2002b). We used a factor of 1.18 to calculate primary energy use of district heating from direct energy use (Birka Energi, 2002c). For water, the energy intensity was calculated by dividing the energy content (5.74 MJ per m3, Dutch value) with the consumer price, 11.95 SEK (Stockholm Vatten 2002). Expenditures on heating are relevant for households that live in single-family houses because they pay such bills themselves. The energy intensity of heating was calculated by assuming that such houses were heated 65% by oil and 35% electricity. In summary, a lot of the energy intensities related to households direct energy use was calculated outside EAP. 5.5 Demographic data and the types of households selected for the analyses The Swedish part of the ToolSust project focuses on a densely populated area of inner Stockholm, called Södermalm. The area and the inhabitants, values and behaviour as 23
well as stakeholders’ opinions about possibilities and constraints for sustainable consumption were described at length in Carlsson-Kanyama et al (2001a, 2001b). The description was based on a questionnaire to 600 inhabitants in the area, as well as interviews and statistics. Here, we summarize some of the demographic data about the Stockholm and Södermalm area. The Södermalm area is mostly located on one island and has an area of 744 ha. That is 4 % of the land area of Stockholm City. The population, almost 100,000 persons (1999) represent 13 % of the population in the city of Stockholm. The central parts of Södermalm, within the parishes Maria and Katarina, are the most densely populated parts of Stockholm with 25,000 and 19,000 persons respectively per km 2 . All inhabitants in the Södermalm area live in apartments in multi-stores buildings. There are almost no single-family houses at all. The number of rooms, excluding kitchen, available per person is 1.81 for the Södermalm area and 1.95 for the whole inner city. The density of shopping and service facilities in Södermalm is high, and the network for public transportation excellent. Most apartments have fewer than three rooms, not including the kitchen. The whole inner city of Stockholm has become increasingly gentrified during the past decade. Compared with the outer city, the share of immigrants is lower, education and income levels are higher, and apartments for rental are increasingly replaced by condomiums. In the Södermalm area, 31 % owned their apartment in 2001, while 68 % rented it. Compared to the inner city as a whole, the share of rented apartments is higher in Södermalm. Some specific demographic facts about the Södermalm area are that the age structure of the population in the Södermalm area is similar to the whole inner city, which is characterised by a smaller number of children and a higher number of adults in working ages than the outer city. In the inner city, the share of children aged 0-16 years is 12 % and in the outer city it is 20 %. In the inner city, 45 % of the population is between 20 and 44 years, and 10 % between 65 and 79 years. 90 % of the population in the Södermalm area had education above the compulsory level (2001) and 10 % education at compulsory level only; thus a rather highly educated population. Of those having more than a compulsory education, the average number of years of additional training was 5. Most of the population in the Södermalm area (69 %) work full time, while the share of retired and unemployed etc. is 13 %. Households with one or two members dominate, as this type of household contains 75 % of the population. Households with three or four members represented 21 % of the total and 79 % of the households have no persons under 14 years of age. Income distribution within the Södermalm area is rather similar to the inner city. The average income per household was between 320,000 to 429,000 SEK in 2001. More than half of the households (57 %) do not have access to cars. In short, the typical inhabitant is a middle-aged person living alone, or with a partner and with no children. This person works full time with an average income, has no car and lives in a rented flat. We selected six households for the analyses of energy use resulting from expenditure patterns. Two were average households based on the Family expenditure survey from 24
Page 1 and 2: Household Metabolism in the Five Ci
Page 3 and 4: ISSN 1404-6520 Fms homepage: www.fm
Page 5 and 6: 2 Summary The study present results
Page 7 and 8: 3 Introducing the household metabol
Page 9 and 10: level implies the design of metabol
Page 11 and 12: 3.6 Household metabolism: focus on
Page 13 and 14: Economic I-O data Energy Statistics
Page 15 and 16: included in the EAP analyses, as me
Page 17 and 18: 4.3 Non-Eap analyses Most energy in
Page 19 and 20: Basic goods The table Basic Goods i
Page 21 and 22: years old, and 54 % of them partici
Page 23: From this information, we estimated
Page 27 and 28: 3 1000 Euro 2.5 2 1.5 1 motor fuel
Page 29 and 30: household used 4700 kWh in their ap
Page 31 and 32: 7.2 How many items do the household
Page 33 and 34: The absolute figures for indirect e
Page 35 and 36: Table 6.1: Total expenditures durin
Page 37 and 38: 6% 8% 19% food house household effe
Page 39 and 40: At the level of analysing consumpti
Page 41 and 42: primary GJ 800 700 600 500 400 tota
Page 43 and 44: The energy profiles for different h
Page 45 and 46: IVL, 2001: Jessica Granath, persona
Page 47 and 48: Appendix 1: Input output sectors se
Page 49 and 50: Appendix 3: Packaging materials Ene
Page 51 and 52: Appendix 5: Energy use for differen
Page 53 and 54: Appendix 6 continued Code of Energy
Page 59 and 60: Appendix 7: Taxes Bread and grains
Page 61 and 62: Appendix 8 continued Item ship lorr

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