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Contents Exhibits ................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. v Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Overview of Online Learning for Secondary Education .................................................... 1 Purpose of this Report ..................................................................................................... 3 Introduction to the Measurement of Educational Productivity ............................................... 5 Estimating Program Costs ............................................................................................... 8 Documenting Context and Implementation .................................................................... 10 Measuring Program Outcomes ...................................................................................... 10 Cost-Effectiveness Research Requirements .................................................................. 12 The Productivity Potential of Online Learning .................................................................... 15 Opportunities to Reduce Educational Costs Through Online Learning ........................... 25 Implications ....................................................................................................................... 33 The Need for Transformation ......................................................................................... 34 Suggestions for Future Research .................................................................................. 35 Appendix A: Additional Resources ................................................................................... A-1 General Productivity in Education ................................................................................ A-2 Productivity and Educational Technology..................................................................... A-3 Key Resources on Types and Prevalence of Online Learning .................................... A-13 Quality Standards for Online Learning Programs ....................................................... A-15 References .................................................................................................................... A-17 i
Exhibits Exhibit 1: Components of Educational Productivity Analyses ............................................... 7 Exhibit 2: Comparison of Per-Pupil Spending .................................................................... 26 ii
Page 2 and 3: Understanding the Implications of O
Page 6: Acknowledgements This issue brief w
Page 9 and 10: 3) At least two conditions are comp
Page 11 and 12: plausible strategy for improving ed
Page 14 and 15: Introduction The need to do more wi
Page 16 and 17: “participatory” education model
Page 18 and 19: Introduction to the Measurement of
Page 20 and 21: Exhibit 1: Components of Educationa
Page 22 and 23: facilities should be treated simila
Page 24 and 25: grades or alternative assessments t
Page 26: any relevant outcomes can be select
Page 29 and 30: (Lovett, Meyer, and Thille 2008). T
Page 31 and 32: Increasing Educational Access and E
Page 33 and 34: Example: The West Virginia Virtual
Page 35 and 36: language production, task engagemen
Page 37 and 38: students successfully completing th
Page 39 and 40: Exhibit 2: Comparison of Per-Pupil
Page 41 and 42: “several hundred studies comparin
Page 43 and 44: 3. Reducing Facilities Costs Compar
Page 46 and 47: Implications Determining whether on
Page 48 and 49: accelerated pace. Interventions suc
Page 50 and 51: Appendix A: Additional Resources Th
Page 52 and 53: Miles, K., and S. Frank. 2008. The
Page 54 and 55:
Conceptual Frameworks Cavanaugh, C.
Page 56 and 57:
suggests that the use of this techn
Page 58 and 59:
Cost of K-12 Online Learning Anders
Page 60 and 61:
Effectiveness of K-12 Online Learni
Page 62 and 63:
featured evaluations include a wide
Page 64 and 65:
• Findings: “State virtual scho
Page 66 and 67:
References Acker, S. R., D. K. Pear
Page 68 and 69:
Cen, H., K. R. Koedinger, and B. Ju
Page 70 and 71:
Horn, M., and H. Staker. 2011. The
Page 72 and 73:
Pritchard, R., and S. O’Hara. 201
Page 74 and 75:
Twigg, C. A. 2004b. Improving quali
Page 76:
The Department of Education’s mis
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