COMPIT 2005 in Hamburg - TUHH

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Impacts of Next Generation Ship Navigation and Communication Systems Abstract Martha Grabowski, Le Moyne College, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Syracuse/USA, grabowsk@lemoyne.edu Over the past two decades, there have been enormous advances in computing, communications, network, display and control systems. These advances have resulted in increasingly capable, complex, and intelligent shipboard and shoreside communications, control and navigation systems. The interface between intelligent ships and AIS-equipped shore stations is an interesting example of the challenges faced by ship and technology designers and developers interested in enhancing ship and human performance as well as the safety of navigation. As increasingly capable ship and shoreside systems have proliferated, questions have surfaced about the effectiveness, usefulness and usability of such systems. This paper discusses the promises and pitfalls of current ship and shore-based advanced technology systems, describes recent empirical work to evaluate the impact of these technologies on the St. Lawrence Seaway, and provides a vision of future systems with interesting implications for future mariners. 1. Introduction Over the past two decades, there have been enormous advances in computing, communications, network, display and control systems. These advances have resulted in increasingly capable, complex, and intelligent shipboard and shoreside communications, control and navigation systems. The interface between increasingly capable ships and AIS-equipped shore stations is an interesting example of the challenges faced by ship and technology designers and developers interested in enhancing ship and human performance as well as the safety of navigation. As increasingly capable ship and shoreside systems have proliferated, questions have surfaced about the effectiveness, usefulness and usability of such systems. This paper discusses the promises and pitfalls of current ship and shore-based advanced technology systems, describes one recent study to evaluate the impact of a new technology on the St. Lawrence Seaway. 2. The Pitfalls of Technology and Automation New technology is often introduced in systems as a way of improving the system, and human performance in the system. In marine transportation, a particular accident or incident can be the catalyst, as the accident may identify circumstances in which human error was seen to be a major contributing factor. Technology can be designed in an attempt to remove the source of error and improve system performance, often by automating functions carried out by a human operator. Often the assumption is made that technology will simplify the operator’s job and reduce errors and costs, Wickens et al. (1997), p.265. The available evidence suggests that this assumption is often supported: technology shrinks costs and reduces or even eliminates certain types of human error. However, technology can also introduce new human error forms, Wiener (1988), and “automation surprises” can puzzle the operator, Sarter and Woods (1995). These effects can reduce system efficiency or compromise safety, negating the other benefits that technology provides. These costs and benefits have been noted especially in the case of cockpit automation, Wiener (1988), but they also occur in marine transportation as well. One of the ironies of technology is that automation designed to reduce operator workload sometimes increases it, Bainbridge (1983, Rochlin (1997). In addition, the introduction of technology can lead to manual skill deterioration, alteration of workload patterns, poor monitoring, inappropriate responses to alarms, and reductions in job satisfaction, Wiener and Curry (1980). Problems can arise not only 5
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COMPIT 2005 in Hamburg - TUHH

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