Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries - SSWM

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Who are the targeted readers of this Main focus of this publication is placed on describing and illustrating a wide range of greywater management options to facilitate informed decision-making when confronted with the task of developing a sanitation concept. This document is not a design manual for greywater management systems, although design principles and construction plans of treatment chains are provided whenever possible. The report mainly aims at sensitising and encouraging national, regional and municipal water and environmental sanitation authorities and agencies to integrate greywater management into their development policies and programmes. NGOs greywater management into their neighbourhood upgrading projects. This report will hopefully support them in their efforts and provide assistance to house owners requirements and prior to soliciting expert advice. Rationale for this Report 4
2. Apart from toilet wastewater, the term greywater is used when designating all the wastewater produced in a household. Sullage, grey wastewater and light wastewater are terms also used. Greywater is wastewater from baths, showers, hand basins, washing machines and dishwashers, laundries and kitchen sinks (e.g. Dixon et al., 1999; Eriksson et al., 2002; Ledin et al., 2001; Otterpohl et al., 1997; Ottoson and Stenstrom, 2003). Although some authors exclude wastewater originating from kitchen sinks given its high content of oil and food particles (Al-Jayyousi, 2003; Christova Boal et al., 1996; Little, 2002; Wilderer, 2004), this document also requires special attention. strongly depend on factors such as cultural habits, living standard, household demography, type of household chemicals used etc. (see Chapter 3). Nonetheless, Kitchen greywater contains food residues, high amounts of oil and fat, including dishwashing detergents. In addition, it occasionally contains drain cleaners and bleach. Kitchen greywater is high in nutrients and suspended solids. Dishwasher greywater may be very alkaline (due to builders), show high suspended solids and salt concentrations. Bathroom greywater is regarded as the least contaminated greywater source within a household. It contains soaps, shampoos, toothpaste, and other body care products. Bathroom greywater also contains shaving waste, skin, hair, body-fats, lint, and traces of urine and faeces. Greywater originating from shower and bath may thus be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. Laundry greywater contains high concentrations of chemicals from soap powders (such as sodium, phosphorous, surfactants, nitrogen) as well as bleaches, suspended solids greywater can contain high amounts of pathogens when nappies are washed. Compared to other aspects of environmental sanitation, such as toilet wastewater or solid waste, greywater traditionally receives the least attention. In urban and periurban areas of low and middle-income countries, greywater is most often discharged untreated into stormwater drains or sewers, provided they exist, from where it mainly eutrophication as well as microbial and chemical contamination of the aquatic Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries 5
Page 1 and 2: Sandec: Department of Water and San
Page 3 and 4: Foreword The issue of greywater man
Page 5 and 6: Content Glossary IV 1. Rationale fo
Page 7 and 8: FC Filtration Flotation Escherichi
Page 9 and 10: Q Flow (expressed in volume
Page 11 and 12: 1. Rationale for this Report and
Page 13: This publication is not a plea to i
Page 17 and 18: can be minimised (see Groundwater p
Page 19 and 20: The composition of greywater mainly
Page 21 and 22: optimal range. However, Christova B
Page 23 and 24: Greywater normally contains low lev
Page 25 and 26: Surfactants are the main components
Page 27 and 28: 4. The choice of a greywater ma
Page 29 and 30: Implementation of an environmentall
Page 31 and 32: lint, skin, food particles) from en
Page 33 and 34: Grease traps must be designed to sa
Page 35 and 36: double-compartment septic tank. In
Page 37 and 38: treatment of greywater were gained
Page 39 and 40: Weaknesses Dissolved and unsettle
Page 41 and 42: Weaknesses underlying
Page 43 and 44: treatment. In case of gravel, a ro
Page 45 and 46: Tropical and subtropical climates h
Page 47 and 48: problems, also called carbon cloggi
Page 49 and 50: As explained earlier, ponds are not
Page 51 and 52: coliforms to minimise the food crop
Page 53 and 54: eused in irrigation or groundwater
Page 55 and 56: greywater improves in quality and i
Page 57 and 58: Survival time, days Pathogen in fre
Page 59 and 60: SAR The fate of surfactants in irri
Page 61 and 62: 5. This section provides an ove
Page 63 and 64: Location Greywater management syste
Page 65 and 66:
0.5 m wide and not more than 1.5 m
Page 67 and 68:
Greywater garden Koulikoro with it
Page 69 and 70:
Maintenance and repair of the fence
Page 71 and 72:
garden tower is not available. Howe
Page 73 and 74:
House 4 House 2 House 1 (with separ
Page 75 and 76:
Quantity Cost/unit Total Percentage
Page 77 and 78:
is planted with Phragmites karka an
Page 79 and 80:
Jordan’s annual rainfall quantiti
Page 81 and 82:
Two-barrel system Four-barrel syste
Page 83 and 84:
Many rural communities of the West
Page 85 and 86:
Costs Construction costs total USD
Page 87 and 88:
Baffled septic tank Dosing chamber
Page 89 and 90:
would be accepted in an urban resid
Page 91 and 92:
not considered in the sanitation pl
Page 93 and 94:
three septic tanks and soakage pits
Page 95 and 96:
6. Finding literature on greywater
Page 97 and 98:
Most system failures are caused by
Page 99 and 100:
programme. Sanitation projects look
Page 101 and 102:
permisibles de contaminantes en las
Page 103 and 104:
Gunther, F., 2006. The household-si
Page 105 and 106:
Ottoson, J. and Stenstrom, T.A., 20
Page 107:
Eawag Überlandstrasse 133 P.O. Box
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