Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries - SSWM

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Greywater tower garden Project Framework Johann Adendorff Tel.: ++27 14 717 3336 Mob.: ++27 82 859 4896 Chris Stimie Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Private Bag X519, Silverton 0127, South Africa Tel.: ++27 12 842 4103 Mob.: ++27 82 469 4535 Adendorff, J., and Stimie, C. 2005. Food from used water - making the previously impossible happen. In 29. South African Water Research Commission (WRC) Smith, M. 2005. Tower garden ideal where water is limited, AgriNews - Newsletter of the South African Department of Agriculture, Pretoria, pp. 12 For a number of reasons, many rural South African villages hardly water is generally the main barrier. Water collected at the nearest standpipe and carried home will not be used for irrigation. Adendorff and Stimie (2005) describe a user-friendly, low-cost and low-tech greywater reuse system, where gardening does not have to rely on rainfall and where nutrients are derived from greywater originating from washing clothes, kitchen utensils etc. The external structure of the Kitchen Bath Laundry Tower garden greywater garden consists of poles (iron bars or fence posts) and shading material (see Photo 5-3 and Figure 5-3) surrounding soil and a central stone-packed drain. The purpose of the stones is to daily with buckets on top of the central stone core. The water trickles through the stone core and is more or less evenly distributed within the soil column. Leafy vegetables (such as spinach) are planted into slits of the shading material surrounding the soil column. The slits are offset to one another thus giving more space for root development. Tomatoes or onions may be planted on top of the column. The most three parts soil, two parts animal manure and one part wood ash. Examples of Greywater Management Systems 60
garden tower is not available. However, the vegetables planted grew well and thrived even in severe heat not tolerated by conventionally planted crops in gardens. Several possible reasons are caused by air circulation in the core and cooling by evapotranspiration or higher elevation of the plants away from the hot ground. Two to three buckets of greywater have to be applied daily to prevent the soil from drying out. A puddle forming around the bottom of the tower indicates excess water. Tower gardens are best located in the courtyard so as to minimise transport distance of greywater. Available greywater o 0.9 m ~0.8 m 0.5 m 1.2 m Costs Construction or maintenance costs are not reported. In Kenya, where identical systems were implemented, nylon gunny bags were used but lasted only about two years. In South Africa, shading material (Photo 5-3) did not last for more than one season, since black plastic sheets deteriorate rapidly when exposed to sunlight. Shade netting proved to be far more durable, however, nylons the applied water to run too quickly down the centre of the tower, thus preventing the soil from being evenly moistened. One of the main strengths of the system is its minimal labour, monitoring and maintenance requirements. Once familiar with the towers, the users prefer to position them in their courtyards for easy pouring of the greywater into the stone core. Such greywater reuse can thus effectively contribute to increasing food security. However, the risk of plant contamination with pathogens by some splashing water should be avoided. Raw consumption of the harvested vegetables is not recommended. To prevent toxic effects on plants and soil deterioration, household detergents must be selected carefully. To prevent clogging in the stone column and soil, a grease and grit trap for primary treatment should be installed. If free moving domestic animals share the same space, the tower garden should be fenced in. Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries 61
Page 1 and 2:
Sandec: Department of Water and San
Page 3 and 4:
Foreword The issue of greywater man
Page 5 and 6:
Content Glossary IV 1. Rationale fo
Page 7 and 8:
FC Filtration Flotation Escherichi
Page 9 and 10:
Q Flow (expressed in volume
Page 11 and 12:
1. Rationale for this Report and
Page 13 and 14:
This publication is not a plea to i
Page 15 and 16:
2. Apart from toilet wastewater,
Page 17 and 18:
can be minimised (see Groundwater p
Page 19 and 20: The composition of greywater mainly
Page 21 and 22: optimal range. However, Christova B
Page 23 and 24: Greywater normally contains low lev
Page 25 and 26: Surfactants are the main components
Page 27 and 28: 4. The choice of a greywater ma
Page 29 and 30: Implementation of an environmentall
Page 31 and 32: lint, skin, food particles) from en
Page 33 and 34: Grease traps must be designed to sa
Page 35 and 36: double-compartment septic tank. In
Page 37 and 38: treatment of greywater were gained
Page 39 and 40: Weaknesses Dissolved and unsettle
Page 41 and 42: Weaknesses underlying
Page 43 and 44: treatment. In case of gravel, a ro
Page 45 and 46: Tropical and subtropical climates h
Page 47 and 48: problems, also called carbon cloggi
Page 49 and 50: As explained earlier, ponds are not
Page 51 and 52: coliforms to minimise the food crop
Page 53 and 54: eused in irrigation or groundwater
Page 55 and 56: greywater improves in quality and i
Page 57 and 58: Survival time, days Pathogen in fre
Page 59 and 60: SAR The fate of surfactants in irri
Page 61 and 62: 5. This section provides an ove
Page 63 and 64: Location Greywater management syste
Page 65 and 66: 0.5 m wide and not more than 1.5 m
Page 67 and 68: Greywater garden Koulikoro with it
Page 69: Maintenance and repair of the fence
Page 73 and 74: House 4 House 2 House 1 (with separ
Page 75 and 76: Quantity Cost/unit Total Percentage
Page 77 and 78: is planted with Phragmites karka an
Page 79 and 80: Jordan’s annual rainfall quantiti
Page 81 and 82: Two-barrel system Four-barrel syste
Page 83 and 84: Many rural communities of the West
Page 85 and 86: Costs Construction costs total USD
Page 87 and 88: Baffled septic tank Dosing chamber
Page 89 and 90: would be accepted in an urban resid
Page 91 and 92: not considered in the sanitation pl
Page 93 and 94: three septic tanks and soakage pits
Page 95 and 96: 6. Finding literature on greywater
Page 97 and 98: Most system failures are caused by
Page 99 and 100: programme. Sanitation projects look
Page 101 and 102: permisibles de contaminantes en las
Page 103 and 104: Gunther, F., 2006. The household-si
Page 105 and 106: Ottoson, J. and Stenstrom, T.A., 20
Page 107: Eawag Überlandstrasse 133 P.O. Box
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Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries - SSWM

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