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Parameter Modes in PL/SQL Subprograms ............................................ 67 IN & OUT Mode Example 1 ..................................................................... 68 IN & OUT Mode Example 2 ..................................................................... 68 Methods for Passing Parameters ............................................................. 69 POSITIONAL NOTATION ....................................................................... 69 NAMED NOTATION ............................................................................... 69 MIXED NOTATION ................................................................................. 69 Functions ............................................................................... 70 Example: .................................................................................................. 71 Calling a Function .................................................................................... 71 Example: .................................................................................................. 72 PL/SQL Recursive Functions ................................................................... 72 Cursors .................................................................................. 74 Implicit Cursors ........................................................................................ 74 Example: .................................................................................................. 75 Explicit Cursors ........................................................................................ 76 Declaring the Cursor ................................................................................ 76 Opening the Cursor ................................................................................. 76 Fetching the Cursor ................................................................................. 76 Closing the Cursor ................................................................................... 77 Example: .................................................................................................. 77 Records .................................................................................. 78 Table-Based Records .............................................................................. 78 Cursor-Based Records ............................................................................ 79 User-Defined Records ............................................................................. 79 Defining a Record .................................................................................... 80 Accessing Fields ...................................................................................... 80 Records as Subprogram Parameters ...................................................... 81 Exceptions ............................................................................. 83 Syntax for Exception Handling ................................................................. 83 Example ................................................................................................... 83 Raising Exceptions .................................................................................. 84 User-defined Exceptions .......................................................................... 84 Example: .................................................................................................. 85 Pre-defined Exceptions ............................................................................ 85 Triggers .................................................................................. 88 Benefits of Triggers .................................................................................. 88 Creating Triggers ..................................................................................... 89 Example: .................................................................................................. 89 iii
Triggering a Trigger ................................................................................. 90 Packages ............................................................................... 92 Package Specification ............................................................................. 92 Package Body .......................................................................................... 93 Using the Package Elements ................................................................... 93 Example: .................................................................................................. 93 THE PACKAGE SPECIFICATION: ......................................................... 94 CREATING THE PACKAGE BODY: ...................................................... 94 USING THE PACKAGE: ......................................................................... 95 Collections ............................................................................. 96 Index-By Table ......................................................................................... 97 Example: .................................................................................................. 97 Example: .................................................................................................. 98 Nested Tables .......................................................................................... 98 Example: .................................................................................................. 99 Example: .................................................................................................. 99 Collection Methods ................................................................................ 100 Collection Exceptions ............................................................................ 101 Transactions ........................................................................ 103 Starting an Ending a Transaction ........................................................... 103 Committing a Transaction ...................................................................... 104 Rolling Back Transactions ..................................................................... 104 Savepoints ............................................................................................. 104 Automatic Transaction Control ............................................................... 105 Date & Time ......................................................................... 106 Field Values for Datetime and Interval Data Types ................................ 106 The Datetime Data Types and Functions .............................................. 107 Examples: .............................................................................................. 109 The Interval Data Types and Functions ................................................. 110 DBMS Output ....................................................................... 111 DBMS_OUTPUT Subprograms ............................................................. 111 Example: ................................................................................................ 112 Object Oriented .................................................................... 113 Instantiating an Object ........................................................................... 114 Member Methods ................................................................................... 114 Using Map method ................................................................................. 115 Using Order method .............................................................................. 116 Inheritance for PL/SQL Objects: ............................................................ 117 Abstract Objects in PL/SQL ................................................................... 119 iii
Page 1 and 2: PL/SQL Tutorial
Page 3 and 4: C O P Y R I G H T & D I S C L A I M
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents PL/SQL Overview .
Page 7: Example: ..........................
Page 11 and 12: It supports developing web applicat
Page 13 and 14: Step 2 You will have the following
Page 15 and 16: Step 5 Provide a location, where yo
Page 17 and 18: Step 9 Here, Oracle installation wi
Page 19 and 20: Step 11 Once your installation is d
Page 21 and 22: Text Editor Running large programs
Page 23 and 24: END; / The end; line signals the en
Page 25 and 26: Type Type body Each of these units
Page 27 and 28: PL/SQL Numeric Data Types and Subty
Page 29 and 30: Field Name Valid Datetime Values Va
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 5 Variables This chapter de
Page 33 and 34: variable is declared and accessible
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER 6 Constants This chapter sh
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 7 Operators This chapter de
Page 39 and 40: END; / IF (a < b) then dbms_output.
Page 41 and 42: ELSE dbms_output.put_line('False');
Page 43 and 44: For example x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x
Page 45 and 46: Statement IF - THEN statement IF-TH
Page 47 and 48: SELECT salary INTO c_sal FROM custo
Page 49 and 50: An IF-THEN statement can have zero
Page 51 and 52: Excellent PL/SQL procedure successf
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 9 Loops This chapter descri
Page 55 and 56: PL/SQL procedure successfully compl
Page 57 and 58: FOR a in 10 .. 20 LOOP dbms_output.
Page 59 and 60:
2 is prime 3 is prime 5 is prime 7
Page 61 and 62:
Example: DECLARE a number(2) := 10;
Page 63 and 64:
Example: DECLARE a number(2) := 10;
Page 65 and 66:
Restrictions with GOTO Statement GO
Page 67 and 68:
introduction clob; choice char(1);
Page 69 and 70:
The following examples illustrate s
Page 71 and 72:
CHAPTER 11 Arrays This chapter desc
Page 73 and 74:
You can initialize the varray eleme
Page 75 and 76:
S.N. Parts & Description 1 2 3 Decl
Page 77 and 78:
initialize it to a default value; h
Page 79 and 80:
CHAPTER 13 Functions This chapter d
Page 81 and 82:
Total no. of Customers: 6 PL/SQL pr
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CHAPTER 14 Cursors This chapter exp
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Select * from customers; +----+----
Page 87 and 88:
CHAPTER 15 Records This chapter des
Page 89 and 90:
Book ID Defining a Record The recor
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printbook(book2); END; / When the a
Page 93 and 94:
DECLARE c_id customers.id%type := 8
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ACCESS_INTO_NULL 06530 -6530 CASE_N
Page 97 and 98:
CHAPTER 17 Triggers This chapter de
Page 99 and 100:
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00
Page 101 and 102:
CHAPTER 18 Packages This chapter de
Page 103 and 104:
The following program provides a mo
Page 105 and 106:
CHAPTER 19 Collections This chapter
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Example: Elements of an index-by ta
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| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALAR
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VALUE_ERROR A subscript is null or
Page 113 and 114:
SQL*Plus terminates abnormally, a R
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CHAPTER 21 Date & Time This chapter
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TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE - it
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8/31/2012 5:26:55.347000 PM The Int
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4 5 6 7 DBMS_OUTPUT.GET_LINES (line
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When the above code is executed at
Page 125 and 126:
IF (r1 > r2) THEN -- calling measur
Page 127 and 128:
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE BODY rectang
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