FIRE EFFECTS GUIDE - National Wildfire Coordinating Group

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d. Fire behavior exceeding prescription limits. Any observation of rate of spread or flame length that exceeds specified limits could provide a potential control problem. Fire behavior less than that predicted is not necessarily a control problem, but can lead to an improper site treatment, and should be reported. E. Summary Knowledge of the behavior and characteristics of wildland fire are important both for managing fire and for understanding and interpreting the effects of fire. The heat regime created by a fire varies with the amount, arrangement, and moisture content of flammable materials on a site. Trained and experienced people can predict (within a factor of two) some aspects of the behavior and heat release of a flaming front of a fire, and some associated fire effects such as crown scorch. However, many fire effects are related to characteristics of fire that are not related to the behavior of the flaming front and cannot presently be forecast. This page was last modified 06/20/01 |Disclaimer| | Privacy| | Copyright| |USFWS Main Page| |Webmaster|
National Wildfire Coordinating Group Fire Effects Guide This page was last modified 05/31/01 |Disclaimer| | Privacy| | Copyright| |Webmaster| Home Preface Objectives Fire Behavior Fuels Air Quality Soils & Water Plants Wildlife Cultural Res. Grazing Mgmt. Evaluation Data Analysis Computer Soft. Glossary Bibliography Contributions A. Introduction CHAPTER III - FUELS By Melanie Miller Fuel characteristics strongly influence how a given site will burn under specific environmental conditions. Fire also has an effect on fuels, because fire requires the consumption of fuel. Besides removing fuel, fire can result in the creation of additional surface fuel, as vegetation drops fire-killed leaves, needles, and twigs, and dead shrubs and trees fall and become part of the surface fuel layer. All effects of fire on resources result from its effect on fuels, because the way that fuels burn determines the heat regime of a fire. Each fire varies in the amount of fuels that burn, the size class distribution of fuels that burn, the rate at which fuels burn, how much soil organic matter burns, and whether living plants become fuel. The nature of fuel consumption determines the peak temperatures reached, the duration of heat, and the stratification of heat above and below the surface. Fuels such as litter, snags, and downed trees, have important effects on a site. Freshly deposited litter protects the soil surface from erosion by raindrops. Unburned logs and fallen fire-killed trees provide locations for mycorrhizae, nitrogen fixation, and habitat for birds, mammals, and insects. Standing snags provide habitat for many animal species that utilize this specific habitat. This chapter will discuss the factors that regulate the effect of fire on fuels. Different types of fuels are defined, and the factors that control the amount of fuel and organic layer consumption are described. Dead and live fuel moisture content are discussed in great detail because
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Page 3 and 4: Ecosystems have evolved with, and a
Page 5 and 6: discussions of fire effects on fuel
Page 7 and 8: During the planning of fire managem
Page 9 and 10: Land use planning systems used by m
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Page 13 and 14: living and dead vegetation, the lat
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Page 17 and 18: iv. Logging slash: the primary carr
Page 19 and 20: viii. Fuel continuity. Fuel continu
Page 21 and 22: much lower for light, airy fuels su
Page 23 and 24: (4) Heat per unit area. Another mea
Page 25 and 26: ii. Active crown fires are those in
Page 27 and 28: of duff and organic layers, and the
Page 29 and 30: (3) A high severity fire removes al
Page 31 and 32: years and relating moisture levels
Page 33 and 34: flame lengths can be greater. More
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Page 41 and 42: grass plants lying on or near the s
Page 43 and 44: (3) Quality. Wood may be sound, rot
Page 45 and 46: and Norum 1983); white spruce/subal
Page 47 and 48: combination of atmospheric temperat
Page 49 and 50: 1-hour timelag fuels (Anderson 1990
Page 51 and 52: f. Effect of weather factors on fue
Page 53 and 54: y species morphology and physiology
Page 55 and 56: levels of moisture content. (See II
Page 57 and 58: value reached by early September (P
Page 59 and 60: time is, in many cases, not true (B
Page 61 and 62: years has resulted in higher loadin
Page 63 and 64: for heat release, if fuels are remo
Page 65 and 66: for assessing fuels. The time of ye
Page 67 and 68: Supplementary information on fire b
Page 69 and 70: If fuels inside and outside of the
Page 71 and 72: Results are obtained within about 1
Page 73 and 74: conditions for a prescribed fire ma
Page 75 and 76: Designated Class I Areas include sp
Page 77 and 78: is inadequate to loft the smoke as
Page 79 and 80: temperature of the fire. a. Combust
Page 81 and 82: containing hydrogen, carbon, and ot
Page 83 and 84: 1989 in Sandberg and Dost 1990). Na
Page 85 and 86: when energy is most needed. Formald
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management programs. Programs are t
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against ambient air quality standar
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National Wildfire Coordinating Grou
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fires typically result in soil surf
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(1) Organic matter. The reduction o
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Nitrobacter, two bacteria groups cr
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mixed results, in attempts to incre
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. Adjacent, unburned "control" site
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methods used to monitor fire effect
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tension into the time (up to 600 se
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temperature sampling scheme should
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dry material and cannot be ignited.
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diameter of most shrub stems, most
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is controlled by a phenomenon calle
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its moisture content when the fire
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plant and the rate at which the lit
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fire. However, there is considerabl
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. Carbohydrates. (1) Carbohydrate c
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dominate the community for varying
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Greatly increased amounts of flower
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(2) Duration of heating is generall
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(1) The amount and timing of high a
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Specific attributes of vegetation o
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3. Frequency of Occurrence. A quant
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(See 4. Weight) Changes in height a
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applied. Live tissue will turn brig
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ecosystem dynamics and the ramifica
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a. Ecological basis. Faunal success
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(4) The interplay between only one
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It is commonly assumed that increas
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of the external environment. A noti
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habitat size is approximately 200 a
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truncated ecosystems affected by ma
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plantations, fences, and recent pre
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(4) What postburn timelags for stru
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(2) Increase the size of the prescr
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3. Monitoring Level. The level of m
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Without adequate monitoring and eva
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sources as well as others noted. It
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1973). Beyond that temperature, sto
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obsidian artifact. Moisture is abso
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abundant cultural resources in the
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avoid rock outcrops where rock art
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E. Summary Damage to cultural resou
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1. General Need for Improved Manage
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at a rate to permit improvement" (D
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idahoensis), green needlegrass (Sti
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grass species are damaged or lackin
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(2) Severely depleted sites may req
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6. Economic Factors. The following
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are still suitable. (2) Wildfire. T
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h. Observe long-term changes. C. Ev
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(12) Resource maps, such as vegetat
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Recommendations. a. Prescribed fire
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(b) Feasibility of conducting salva
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h. Professional journals. i. Videos
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1 70 4900 2 90 8100 3 80 6400 4 70
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Sufficient rate of spread and flame
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available, the following example il
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work do not imply any cause and eff
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9. It is tempting to draw inappropr
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as 60 days of 24-hour observations
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have a low probability of occurring
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conditions based upon desired fire
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One can select one of these species
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employees can contact their nationa
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effects. The Bureau of Land Managem
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never moist as long as three consec
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url: a mass of woody tissue from wh
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coordinated resource management: a
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discrete variables: those variables
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experimental design: the process of
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absence of individuals of a species
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heat content: the net amount of hea
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- L - ladder fuels: fuels that can
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mycorrhiza (pl. mycorrhizae): a mut
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palatability: the relish that an an
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attain planned fire treatment and r
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oot crown: a mass of woody tissue f
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plant species to another using a co
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e estimated by heating it and measu
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|Disclaimer| | Privacy| | Copyright
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and Range Exp. Sta., Ogden, UT. 22
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Seasonal variation in moisture cont
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material. USDA, For. Serv. Gen. Tec
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Exp. Sta., Ogden, UT. 126 p. Burger
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Forest Service. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW
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Exp. Sta., Berkeley, CA. 7 p. Dixon
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subalpine fir cover types. USDA, Fo
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management approaches. Wildl. Soc.
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Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-225. Intermt. R
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Hutchison, B. A. 1965. Snow accumul
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Washington, D.C. Lawrence, G. E. 19
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Dieterich, Stanley N. Hirsch, Von J
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McRae, Douglas J., Martin E. Alexan
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Norum, Rodney A. 1977. Preliminary
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Black (ed.). Methods of soil analys
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Reaves, Jimmy L., Charles G. Shaw,
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For. and Range Exp. Sta., Ogden, UT
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Contr. IAG EPA 83-291. Office Air P
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26 p. Short, H. L. 1982. Techniques
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Bot. 28:143-231. Switzer, Ronald R.
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for Title II-Related Agencies and t
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p. 358-366. IN Alan Ternes (ed.). A
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Wright, H. E., Jr. 1981. The role o
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study in Nevada, p. 66-84. IN Ken S
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Introduction - Dr. Bob Clark and Me
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Steve Lent, Bureau of Land Manageme
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