FIRE EFFECTS GUIDE - National Wildfire Coordinating Group

More documents

Recommendations

Info

management necessary to provide the least impact on the public, both in terms of health and visibility. The effects of smoke on firefighters also must be considered when managing wildland fires. If federal agencies do not take a rational, voluntary approach to smoke management, a mandatory approach may be provided that makes it more difficult to meet resource management goals and objectives. This page was last modified 05/31/01 |Disclaimer| | Privacy| | Copyright| |USFWS Main Page| |Webmaster|
National Wildfire Coordinating Group Fire Effects Guide This page was last modified 06/20/01 |Disclaimer| | Privacy| | Copyright| |Webmaster| Home Preface Objectives Fire Behavior Fuels Air Quality Soils & Water Plants Wildlife Cultural Res. Grazing Mgmt. Evaluation Data Analysis Computer Soft. Glossary Bibliography Contributions A. Introduction CHAPTER V - SOILS, WATER, AND WATERSHEDS By Dr. Bob Clark Fire, either wild or prescribed, may have a wide range of effects on the soils, water, and watershed resources of forestlands, shrublands, grasslands, and wetlands. The wide range of effects is due to the inherent preburn variability in these resources, and to fire behavior characteristics, season of burning, and prefire and postfire environmental conditions such as timing, amount, and duration of rainfall. Further, effects of fire on some soils and watersheds are poorly documented and poorly understood. Thus, generalization about effects of fire on these resources is likely to be more risky and overstated than with any other managed resource. This chapter, in keeping with the theme of this Guide, will discuss principles and processes that contribute to the effects of fire on soils, water, and watersheds. Where applicable, the opportunity to manage or influence these processes will be discussed. Also, methods for monitoring the effects of fire on these resources will be described, recognizing fire management investigation and monitoring needs for management purposes are not normally required to the degree and precision that are required at the research level. Finally, other factors are critical to "correct" prediction and evaluation of fire effects on soils and water; Chapter III.D. in this Guide is particularly relevant. Excellent texts that provide basic information on soil taxonomy, properties, physics, and hydrology include those written by Soil Survey Staff (1975), Pritchett (1979), Hanks and Ashcroft (1980), and Branson et al. (1981). The ecology of the soil nitrogen cycle is well described in (Sprent 1987). Soil descriptions used in this chapter follow the nomenclature of the Soil Survey Staff (1975) unless otherwise noted. References to litter layers are described in Youngberg (1981). Important terms are identified in the Glossary. B. Principles and Processes of Fire Effects 1. Soils. Most information about the effects of fire on soils is from forested land
Page 1 and 2:
National Wildfire Coordinating Grou
Page 3 and 4:
Ecosystems have evolved with, and a
Page 5 and 6:
discussions of fire effects on fuel
Page 7 and 8:
During the planning of fire managem
Page 9 and 10:
Land use planning systems used by m
Page 11 and 12:
individual resource functions. At t
Page 13 and 14:
living and dead vegetation, the lat
Page 15 and 16:
front heats adjacent fuel elements.
Page 17 and 18:
iv. Logging slash: the primary carr
Page 19 and 20:
viii. Fuel continuity. Fuel continu
Page 21 and 22:
much lower for light, airy fuels su
Page 23 and 24:
(4) Heat per unit area. Another mea
Page 25 and 26:
ii. Active crown fires are those in
Page 27 and 28:
of duff and organic layers, and the
Page 29 and 30:
(3) A high severity fire removes al
Page 31 and 32:
years and relating moisture levels
Page 33 and 34:
flame lengths can be greater. More
Page 35 and 36:
ight paint. Times are recorded with
Page 37 and 38:
urn severity, and the degree of can
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42: grass plants lying on or near the s
Page 43 and 44: (3) Quality. Wood may be sound, rot
Page 45 and 46: and Norum 1983); white spruce/subal
Page 47 and 48: combination of atmospheric temperat
Page 49 and 50: 1-hour timelag fuels (Anderson 1990
Page 51 and 52: f. Effect of weather factors on fue
Page 53 and 54: y species morphology and physiology
Page 55 and 56: levels of moisture content. (See II
Page 57 and 58: value reached by early September (P
Page 59 and 60: time is, in many cases, not true (B
Page 61 and 62: years has resulted in higher loadin
Page 63 and 64: for heat release, if fuels are remo
Page 65 and 66: for assessing fuels. The time of ye
Page 67 and 68: Supplementary information on fire b
Page 69 and 70: If fuels inside and outside of the
Page 71 and 72: Results are obtained within about 1
Page 73 and 74: conditions for a prescribed fire ma
Page 75 and 76: Designated Class I Areas include sp
Page 77 and 78: is inadequate to loft the smoke as
Page 79 and 80: temperature of the fire. a. Combust
Page 81 and 82: containing hydrogen, carbon, and ot
Page 83 and 84: 1989 in Sandberg and Dost 1990). Na
Page 85 and 86: when energy is most needed. Formald
Page 87 and 88: are based on limiting the consumpti
Page 89 and 90: management programs. Programs are t
Page 91: against ambient air quality standar
Page 95 and 96: fires typically result in soil surf
Page 97 and 98: (1) Organic matter. The reduction o
Page 99 and 100: Nitrobacter, two bacteria groups cr
Page 101 and 102: mixed results, in attempts to incre
Page 103 and 104: . Adjacent, unburned "control" site
Page 105 and 106: methods used to monitor fire effect
Page 107 and 108: tension into the time (up to 600 se
Page 109 and 110: temperature sampling scheme should
Page 111 and 112: dry material and cannot be ignited.
Page 113 and 114: diameter of most shrub stems, most
Page 115 and 116: is controlled by a phenomenon calle
Page 117 and 118: its moisture content when the fire
Page 119 and 120: plant and the rate at which the lit
Page 121 and 122: fire. However, there is considerabl
Page 123 and 124: . Carbohydrates. (1) Carbohydrate c
Page 125 and 126: dominate the community for varying
Page 127 and 128: Greatly increased amounts of flower
Page 129 and 130: (2) Duration of heating is generall
Page 131 and 132: (1) The amount and timing of high a
Page 133 and 134: Specific attributes of vegetation o
Page 135 and 136: 3. Frequency of Occurrence. A quant
Page 137 and 138: (See 4. Weight) Changes in height a
Page 139 and 140: applied. Live tissue will turn brig
Page 141 and 142: National Wildfire Coordinating Grou
Page 143 and 144:
ecosystem dynamics and the ramifica
Page 145 and 146:
a. Ecological basis. Faunal success
Page 147 and 148:
(4) The interplay between only one
Page 149 and 150:
It is commonly assumed that increas
Page 151 and 152:
of the external environment. A noti
Page 153 and 154:
habitat size is approximately 200 a
Page 155 and 156:
truncated ecosystems affected by ma
Page 157 and 158:
plantations, fences, and recent pre
Page 159 and 160:
(4) What postburn timelags for stru
Page 161 and 162:
(2) Increase the size of the prescr
Page 163 and 164:
3. Monitoring Level. The level of m
Page 165 and 166:
Without adequate monitoring and eva
Page 167 and 168:
sources as well as others noted. It
Page 169 and 170:
1973). Beyond that temperature, sto
Page 171 and 172:
obsidian artifact. Moisture is abso
Page 173 and 174:
abundant cultural resources in the
Page 175 and 176:
avoid rock outcrops where rock art
Page 177 and 178:
E. Summary Damage to cultural resou
Page 179 and 180:
1. General Need for Improved Manage
Page 181 and 182:
at a rate to permit improvement" (D
Page 183 and 184:
idahoensis), green needlegrass (Sti
Page 185 and 186:
grass species are damaged or lackin
Page 187 and 188:
(2) Severely depleted sites may req
Page 189 and 190:
6. Economic Factors. The following
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
are still suitable. (2) Wildfire. T
Page 195 and 196:
h. Observe long-term changes. C. Ev
Page 197 and 198:
(12) Resource maps, such as vegetat
Page 199 and 200:
Recommendations. a. Prescribed fire
Page 201 and 202:
(b) Feasibility of conducting salva
Page 203 and 204:
h. Professional journals. i. Videos
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
1 70 4900 2 90 8100 3 80 6400 4 70
Page 209 and 210:
Sufficient rate of spread and flame
Page 211 and 212:
available, the following example il
Page 213 and 214:
work do not imply any cause and eff
Page 215 and 216:
9. It is tempting to draw inappropr
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
as 60 days of 24-hour observations
Page 221 and 222:
have a low probability of occurring
Page 223 and 224:
conditions based upon desired fire
Page 225 and 226:
One can select one of these species
Page 227 and 228:
employees can contact their nationa
Page 229 and 230:
effects. The Bureau of Land Managem
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
never moist as long as three consec
Page 235 and 236:
url: a mass of woody tissue from wh
Page 237 and 238:
coordinated resource management: a
Page 239 and 240:
discrete variables: those variables
Page 241 and 242:
experimental design: the process of
Page 243 and 244:
absence of individuals of a species
Page 245 and 246:
heat content: the net amount of hea
Page 247 and 248:
- L - ladder fuels: fuels that can
Page 249 and 250:
mycorrhiza (pl. mycorrhizae): a mut
Page 251 and 252:
palatability: the relish that an an
Page 253 and 254:
attain planned fire treatment and r
Page 255 and 256:
oot crown: a mass of woody tissue f
Page 257 and 258:
plant species to another using a co
Page 259 and 260:
e estimated by heating it and measu
Page 261 and 262:
|Disclaimer| | Privacy| | Copyright
Page 263 and 264:
and Range Exp. Sta., Ogden, UT. 22
Page 265 and 266:
Seasonal variation in moisture cont
Page 267 and 268:
material. USDA, For. Serv. Gen. Tec
Page 269 and 270:
Exp. Sta., Ogden, UT. 126 p. Burger
Page 271 and 272:
Forest Service. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW
Page 273 and 274:
Exp. Sta., Berkeley, CA. 7 p. Dixon
Page 275 and 276:
subalpine fir cover types. USDA, Fo
Page 277 and 278:
management approaches. Wildl. Soc.
Page 279 and 280:
Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-225. Intermt. R
Page 281 and 282:
Hutchison, B. A. 1965. Snow accumul
Page 283 and 284:
Washington, D.C. Lawrence, G. E. 19
Page 285 and 286:
Dieterich, Stanley N. Hirsch, Von J
Page 287 and 288:
McRae, Douglas J., Martin E. Alexan
Page 289 and 290:
Norum, Rodney A. 1977. Preliminary
Page 291 and 292:
Black (ed.). Methods of soil analys
Page 293 and 294:
Reaves, Jimmy L., Charles G. Shaw,
Page 295 and 296:
For. and Range Exp. Sta., Ogden, UT
Page 297 and 298:
Contr. IAG EPA 83-291. Office Air P
Page 299 and 300:
26 p. Short, H. L. 1982. Techniques
Page 301 and 302:
Bot. 28:143-231. Switzer, Ronald R.
Page 303 and 304:
for Title II-Related Agencies and t
Page 305 and 306:
p. 358-366. IN Alan Ternes (ed.). A
Page 307 and 308:
Wright, H. E., Jr. 1981. The role o
Page 309 and 310:
study in Nevada, p. 66-84. IN Ken S
Page 311 and 312:
Introduction - Dr. Bob Clark and Me
Page 313:
Steve Lent, Bureau of Land Manageme
show all

FIRE EFFECTS GUIDE - National Wildfire Coordinating Group

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?