Baseline Study Report on CQ of WAB final - International ...

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Abbreviation % - Percentage 0 C - Degree Celsius Ana - Area of Land used in Nepal B.S. - Bikram Sambat (Bikram Era being used in Nepal) CV - Calorific Value DTIE - Division of Technology, Industry and Economics EST - Environmentally Sound Technology Ft. - Feet GCV - Gross Calorific Value GHG - Green House Gas H - Hydrogen IETC - International Environmental Technology Center J - Joule Kcal/kg - Kilo Calories per kilogram kg - Kilogram Kg/day - Kilogram per day LP Gas - Liquid Petroleum Gas m - Meter m 3 /hr - Cubic meter per hour MC - Moisture Content MJ/kg - Mega Jules per kilogram mm - millimeter MTM - Madhyapur Thimi Municipality NGO - Non Governmental Organization SAT - Sustainability Assessment of Technologies SEED Nepal - Society for Environment and Economic Development Nepal SLC - School Leaving Certificate Sq. Ft. - Square Feet Sq. km. - Square kilometers Sq. m. - Square meter TPY - Tons per year UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme VDC - Village Development Committee Veg - Vegetable WAB - Waste Agricultural Biomass yr - year iii
1. Introduction 1.1 Background Biomass is a broad term, which generally refers to any plant or animal matter. The main categories of biomass are; agricultural residues, forestry wastes, animal wastes, wood as well as cellulosic urban wastes. Almost 43 percent of the energy used by the third world countries is derived from biomass. Over 2.4 billion people in the world are totally reliant on biomass fuels for their energy needs. About 88 percent of the total energy consumed in Nepal at present is supplied by biomass. In a plant body during the process of photosynthesis, the sun’s energy converts water and carbon dioxide into organic matter. About 3.0 x 10 21 J of energy is stored in 2 x 10 11 tonnes of organic matter produced annually by photosynthesis. Yet only 14 percent of the world’s energy comes from biomass. Billions of tons of waste agricultural biomass are generated every year particularly in developing countries where in many cases agriculture continues to be the main economic activity. Waste agricultural biomass includes all leaves, straw and husks left in the field after harvest as well as hulls and shells removed during the processing of crop at the mills. The single largest category of crops is cereals. Wheat, rice, maize, barley, and millet and sorghum account for approximately 28%, 25%, 27% 10% and 6% respectively of these crops. The main waste biomass are wheat residue, rice straw and husk, barley residue, maize stalks and leaves, and millet and sorghum stalks. Use of waste agricultural biomass as a fuel is considered to be carbon neutral because plants and trees remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it while they grow. Burning waste agricultural biomass returns this sequestered carbon dioxide into atmosphere. Growth of new crops, plants and trees keeps the atmosphere’s carbon cycle in balance by recapturing carbon dioxide. Developing and implementing programmes for converting waste agricultural biomass into useful energy/material requires comprehensive data on present and anticipated waste situations, supportive policy frameworks, knowledge and capacity to develop plans/systems, proper use of environmentally sound technologies, and appropriate financial instruments to support its implementation. Society for Environment and Economic Development Nepal (SEED Nepal) has been established to provide solutions for preventing industrial and urban pollution; providing better working environment, and improving the quality of life for women and disadvantaged group. SEED Nepal in association with the Madhyapur Thimi Municipality (MTM) and with the support of UNEP, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE), International Environmental Technology Center (IETC) has planned to implement a demonstration project on "Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into Resource". This study report is only a part of the project. 1
Page 1 and 2: Baseline S
Page 3: List of Tables Table 1: Selection o
Page 7 and 8: 1.5 Approach and Methodology The ap
Page 9 and 10: Ward No. Total No. of Agricultural
Page 11 and 12: 2. Information on the Project Area
Page 13 and 14: More than 65 percent of the househo
Page 15 and 16: 16 as the highest proportion. Besid
Page 17 and 18: The above table shows that in the f
Page 19 and 20: The data collected from the rice mi
Page 21 and 22: 4.2 From Processing Facilities Tota
Page 23 and 24: The present as well as the future p
Page 25 and 26: 5. Characterization of the Waste Ag
Page 27 and 28: Waste Stream Table 30: Overall Stat
Page 29: Reference UNEP, 2009a. Converting W

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