country studies on bangladesh, nepal and sri lanka - Escap

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STUDIES IN TRADE AND INVESTMENT 70 and vertically linked enterprises. 4 Although many Asian and Pacific enterprises have participated in various global value chains, only a small number of them, mainly in East and North-East Asia, actually control the value chains as leading enterprises; the majority of participating enterprises, typically SMEs, are minor members within the value chains (ESCAP 2009a). As previously mentioned, a transnational corporation usually assumes the role of the lead firm in the global value chain. This lead firm is supported by numerous smaller enterprises, which are categorized as higher and lower tier suppliers of inputs. The higher the tier, the more value is added by the supplying enterprise and thus, the SMEs in the lower tier category contribute rather simple outputs and add less value (ESCAP 2007). Figure 2: How do SMEs fit into global value chains Original equipment manufacturer (large firm, perhaps TNC) First tier supplier (large firm, perhaps TNC) First tier supplier (large firm) Second tier supplier (large firm) Second tier supplier (SME) Third tier supplier (SME) Third tier supplier (SME) Third tier supplier (large firm) 10 Fourth tier supplier (SME) Fourth tier supplier (SME) Source: United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Integrating SMEs in Global Value Chains. Towards Partnership for Development, 2001, p. 60. 4 See also World Bank,and IFC. Doing Business 2011: Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs. Washington, D.C.: IBRD, 2010.
COUNTRY STUDIES ON BANGLADESH, NEPAL AND SRI LANKA While the development of global and regional value chains in Asia and the Pacific has provided unprecedented business opportunities to export-oriented SMEs and its supporting industry, including those in South Asia, they are facing the challenge of tier mobility. Ideally, SMEs would access the global value chain in the capacity of a higher tier supplier, as the lower tiers are characterized by unstable conditions and one SME could be easily replaced by another. Alternatively, if direct access to a higher tier is not possible, it would be important for the SMEs to have the chance to move up in the global value chain and become a provider of higher value (ESCAP 2007). The emergence of global value chains emphasized the need for a new technical assistance programme on SME development, particularly in South Asia. Having recognized greatly diversified economic status and conditions, as well as different natural endowments among the countries of that subregion, the one-size-tailored approach may not be workable with all participating countries. However, value chain analysis, with a special emphasis on trans-border issues and a focus on specific sectors and products can effectively address the six key success factors, identified earlier in the chapter. This was done in various sector <strong>studies</strong> undertaken under the present project in the three participating countries: Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. 1.4. Structure of the publication The publication is comprised of four research <strong>studies</strong> – three national <strong>studies</strong> on Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka, found in the annex and a synthesis of these <strong>studies</strong>. Chapter 1 identifies the need for the global value chain analysis, giving specific examples of technical cooperation between selected donor partners and SMEs in these countries. Chapter 2 presents the background information related to the three countries’ selected products; the synthesis, summarizing the major points and findings of the national <strong>studies</strong>; and a proposed subregional action plan that includes measures and tools, enhancing South Asian SMEs’ integration in global and regional markets. Chapter 3 concludes the publication providing the direction for research and technical assistance activities in South Asia. The national study on Bangladesh in Annex I is focused on consumer and industrial plastic product sector, while Annex II covers agro-based industry, particularly coffee and ginger products sectors in Nepal. Annex III covers two industrial sectors in Sri Lanka, namely industrial rubber and electronic goods. The national <strong>studies</strong> offer action plans for various stakeholders in their respective countries to improve business environment for promoting export-oriented SMEs. 11
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ESCAP STUDIES IN TRADE AND INVESTME
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