country studies on bangladesh, nepal and sri lanka - Escap

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STUDIES IN TRADE AND INVESTMENT 70 Table 6: Top 10 export goods of the three South Asian countries by the two digits, 2010 Ranking Bangladesh Nepa l Sri Lanka 1 Articles of apparel, Iron and steel Articles of apparel, accessories, knit or accessories, knit or crochet crochet 2 Articles of apparel, Manmade filaments Articles of apparel, accessories, not knit or accessories, not knit or crochet crochet 3 Other made textile Carpets and other Coffee, tea, mate and articles, sets, worn textile floor coverings spices clothing, etc. 4 Fish, crustaceans, Articles of apparel, Rubber and articles mollusks, aquatic accessories, not knit or thereof invertebrates crochet 5 Vegetable textile fibres, Manmade staple fibres Pearls, precious stones, paper yarn, woven fabric metals, coins, etc. 6 Footwear, gaiters and Edible vegetables and Electrical, electronic the like, parts thereof certain roots and tubers equipment 7 Raw hides and skins Other made textile Fish, crustaceans, (other than furskins) articles, sets, worn molluscs, aquatic and leather clothing etc. invertebrates 8 Headgear and parts Coffee, tea, mate and Mineral fuels, oils, thereof spices distillation products, etc. 9 Mineral fuels, oil, Articles of iron or steel Milling products, malt, distillation products, etc. starches, inulin, wheat gluten 10 Tobacco and Copper and articles Vegetable textile fibres, manufactured tobacco thereof paper yarn, woven substitutes fabric Source: ITC (2010). 20 One interesting phenomenon that deserves further enquiry is the level of FDI inflows in the three countries. FDI is a critical force in the promotion of global and regional integration of economies and industrial activities (Dhungana 2009). Although Bangladesh and Nepal stand close to each other in terms of global rankings of competitiveness and business enabling conditions, Bangladesh has over-performed Nepal (and even Sri Lanka recently) in attracting FDI. One visible reason for this phenomenon is the security factor, as the political volatility in Nepal is creating the unsafe environment and leading to lagging investment and slow policy reforms, particularly related to the manufacturing sector. Bangladesh has lately been experiencing an encouraging inflow of FDI resulting in a FDI inward stock level exceeding that of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka surpasses the other two countries in the FDI inward stock level as a percentage of GDP (see table 7 for details).
COUNTRY STUDIES ON BANGLADESH, NEPAL AND SRI LANKA Table 7: Inflow and stock of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) (in million US dollars) Bangladesh Nepa l Sri Lanka 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 FDI inflows 1 086 700 913 1 39 39 752 404 478 FDI inflows as per cent of gross fixed capital formation 5.6 3.2 3.7 0 1.4 1.0 7.3 4.3 4.0 1990 2000 2010 1990 2000 2010 1990 2000 2010 FDI inward stock 478 2 162 6 072 12 72 205 679 1 596 5 008 FDI inward stock as per cent of GDP 1.7 4.8 6.1 0.3 1.3 1.3 8.3 9.5 9.9 Source: UNCTAD (2011). 2.1.3. STATUS OF THE SME SECTOR Finally, the status of the SME sector in the three South Asian countries is briefly reviewed. Table 8 summarizes operational definitions of SMEs used in the three countries. Researchers generally used these SME definitions for commercial entities with less than 100 employees in Bangladesh, less than 200 employees in Nepal and less than 150 employees in Sri Lanka, although the countries also set such definitions based on the size of investment. 7 The definitions of what constitutes an SME vary quite widely from <strong>country</strong> to <strong>country</strong> in Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP 2009b). Both the number of employees and the size of investment are mainly used for such national definitions, and some countries also set separate definitions among different SME segments, such as manufacturing and services. Developing countries in Asia and the Pacific typically define SMEs, including micro enterprises, as commercial entities with less than 100-200 employees, which is in line with the definitions adopted in Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Table 8: Operational definitions of SMEs in literature Bangladesh Nepal Sri Lanka Less than 100 employees Less than 200 employees Less than 150 employees Sources: APO (2007); CDR (2006). Note: Micro enterprises are included. 21 7 Research literatures, which aim to compare the status of the SME sector among various countries, mainly use the number of employees to define SMEs to avoid cumbersome calculation for foreign exchange rates among different currencies (cf., AAMO 2007).
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ESCAP STUDIES IN TRADE AND INVESTME
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