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(2003) Improved bra<strong>in</strong> uptake and pharmacological activity of dalarg<strong>in</strong> us<strong>in</strong>g a peptide-vector-mediated strategy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 306: 371-376. 107. Adenot M, Merida P, Lahana R (2007) Applications of a blood-bra<strong>in</strong> barrier technology platform to predict CNS penetration of various chemotherapeutic agents. 2. Cationic peptide vectors for bra<strong>in</strong> delivery. Chemotherapy 53: 73-76. 108. Tian XH, Wei F, Wang TX, Wang P, L<strong>in</strong> XN, et al. (2012) In vitro and <strong>in</strong> vivo studies on gelat<strong>in</strong>-siloxane nanoparticles conjugated with SynB peptide to <strong>in</strong>crease drug delivery to the bra<strong>in</strong>. Int J Nanomedic<strong>in</strong>e 7: 1031-1041. 109. Li Y, Zheng X, Cao Z, Xu W, Zhang J, et al. (2012) Self-assembled peptide (CADY-1) improved the cl<strong>in</strong>ical application of doxorubic<strong>in</strong>. Int J Pharm 434: 209-214. 110. Du YZ, Cai LL, Liu P, You J, Yuan H, et al. (2012) Tumor cells-specific target<strong>in</strong>g delivery achieved by A54 peptide functionalized polymeric micelles. Biomaterials 33: 8858-8867. 111. Wu Y, Sadatmousavi P, Wang R, Lu S, Yuan YF, et al. (2012) Self-assembl<strong>in</strong>g peptide-based nanoparticles enhance anticancer effect of elliptic<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> vitro and <strong>in</strong> vivo. Int J Nanomedic<strong>in</strong>e 7: 3221-3233. 112. Khaksa G, D’Souza R, Lewis S, Udupa N (2000) Pharmacok<strong>in</strong>etic study of niosome encapsulated <strong>in</strong>sul<strong>in</strong>. Indian J Exp Biol 38: 901-905. 113. Reubi JC (2003) Peptide receptors as molecular targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Endocr Rev 24: 389-427. 114. Simões S, Moreira JN, Fonseca C, DüzgüneÅŸ N, de Lima MC (2004) On the formulation of pH-sensitive liposomes with long circulation times. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56: 947-965. 115. Samad A, Sultana Y, Aqil M (2007) Liposomal drug delivery systems: an update review. Curr Drug Deliv 4: 297-305. 116. Irache JM, Salman HH, Gamazo C, Espuelas S (2008) Mannose-targeted systems for the delivery of therapeutics. Expert Op<strong>in</strong> Drug Deliv 5: 703-724. 117. Grant M, Leone-Bay A (2012) Peptide therapeutics: it’s all <strong>in</strong> the delivery. Ther Deliv 3: 981-996. 118. Yamada A, Sasada T, Noguchi M, Itoh K (2013) Next-generation peptide vacc<strong>in</strong>es for advanced cancer. Cancer Sci 104: 15-21. 119. Mahato RI, Narang AS, Thoma L, Miller DD (2003) Emerg<strong>in</strong>g trends <strong>in</strong> oral delivery of peptide and prote<strong>in</strong> drugs. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 20: 153-214. 120. Khafagy el-S, Morishita M (2012) Oral biodrug delivery us<strong>in</strong>g cell-penetrat<strong>in</strong>g peptide. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64: 531-539. 121. He XH, Shaw PC, Tam SC (1999) Reduc<strong>in</strong>g the immunogenicity and improv<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong> vivo activity of trichosanth<strong>in</strong> by site-directed pegylation. Life Sci 65: 355-368. 122. Grace MJ, Lee S, Bradshaw S, Chapman J, Spond J, et al. (2005) Site of pegylation and polyethylene glycol molecule size attenuate <strong>in</strong>terferon-alpha antiviral and antiproliferative activities through the JAK/STAT signal<strong>in</strong>g pathway. J Biol Chem 280: 6327-6336. 123. Sun LC, Coy DH (2011) Somatostat<strong>in</strong> receptor-targeted anti-cancer therapy. Curr Drug Deliv 8: 2-10. 124. Ahn JM, Boyle NA, MacDonald MT, Janda KD (2002) Peptidomimetics and peptide backbone modifications. M<strong>in</strong>i Rev Med Chem 2: 463-473. 125. Lozano JM, Espejo F, Ocampo M, Salazar LM, Tovar D, et al. (2004) Mapp<strong>in</strong>g the anatomy of a Plasmodium falciparum MSP-1 epitope us<strong>in</strong>g pseudopeptide-<strong>in</strong>duced mono- and polyclonal antibodies and CD and NMR conformation analysis. J Struct Biol 148: 110-122. 126. Våbenø J, Lejon T, Nielsen CU, Steffansen B, Chen W, et al. (2004) Phe-Gly dipeptidomimetics designed for the di-/tripeptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2: synthesis and biological <strong>in</strong>vestigations. J Med Chem 47: 1060-1069. 127. Albericio F, Burger K, Ruíz-Rodríguez J, Spengler J (2005) A new strategy for solid-phase depsipeptide synthesis us<strong>in</strong>g recoverable build<strong>in</strong>g blocks. Org Lett 7: 597-600. 128. Cruz LJ, Insua MM, Baz JP, Trujillo M, Rodriguez-Mias RA, et al. (2006) IB-01212, a new cytotoxic cyclodepsipeptide isolated from the mar<strong>in</strong>e fungus Clonostachys sp. ESNA-A009. J Org Chem 71: 3335-3338. 129. Strömstedt AA, Pasupuleti M, Schmidtchen A, Malmsten M (2009) Evaluation of strategies for improv<strong>in</strong>g proteolytic resistance of antimicrobial peptides by us<strong>in</strong>g variants of EFK17, an <strong>in</strong>ternal segment of LL-37. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53: 593-602. 130. Wrighton NC, Farrell FX, Chang R, Kashyap AK, Barbone FP, et al. (1996) Small peptides as potent mimetics of the prote<strong>in</strong> hormone erythropoiet<strong>in</strong>. Science 273: 458-464. 131. Wirsch<strong>in</strong>g F, Keller M, Hildmann C, Riester D, Schwienhorst A (2003) Directed evolution towards protease-resistant hirud<strong>in</strong> variants. Mol Genet Metab 80: 451-462. 132. Odegrip R, Coomber D, Eldridge B, Hederer R, Kuhlman PA, et al. (2004) CIS display: In vitro selection of peptides from libraries of prote<strong>in</strong>-DNA complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 2806-2810. 133. Eldridge W, Fitzgerald K, Cooley N, McGregor D (2006) Peptide stabilizer compounds and screen<strong>in</strong>g methods. Patent Application WO2006097748. 134. Woodburn KW, Wilson SD, Fong KL, Schatz PJ, Spa<strong>in</strong>hour CB, et al. (2009) Chronic pharmacological and safety evaluation of Hematide, a PEGylated peptidic erythropoiesis-stimulat<strong>in</strong>g agent, <strong>in</strong> rodents. Basic Cl<strong>in</strong> Pharmacol Toxicol 104: 155-163. 135. Ehrlich A, Heyne HU, W<strong>in</strong>ter R, Beyermann M, Haber H, et al. (1996) Cyclization of all-L-Pentapeptides by Means of 1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole- Derived Uronium and Phosphonium Reagents. J Org Chem 61: 8831-8838. 136. Lioy E, Suarez J, Guzman F, Siegrist S, Pluschke G, et al. (2001) Manuel E. Synthesis, biological, and immunological properties of cyclic peptides from Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface prote<strong>in</strong>-1. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition <strong>in</strong> English 40: 2631-2635. 137. Gururaja TL, Narasimhamurthy S, Payan DG, Anderson DC (2000) A novel artificial loop scaffold for the noncovalent constra<strong>in</strong>t of peptides. Chem Biol 7: 515-527. 138. Pakkala M, Hekim C, So<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>en P, Le<strong>in</strong>onen J, Koist<strong>in</strong>en H, et al. (2007) Activity and stability of human kallikre<strong>in</strong>-2-specific l<strong>in</strong>ear and cyclic peptide <strong>in</strong>hibitors. J Pept Sci 13: 348-353. 139. Fernandez-Lopez S, Kim HS, Choi EC, Delgado M, Granja JR, et al. (2001) Antibacterial agents based on the cyclic D,L-alpha-peptide architecture. Nature 412: 452-455. 140. Dartois V, Sanchez-Quesada J, Cabezas E, Chi E, Dubbelde C, et al. (2005) Systemic antibacterial activity of novel synthetic cyclic peptides. OMICS Group eBooks 014
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 3302-3310. 141. Colas P, Cohen B, Jessen T, Grish<strong>in</strong>a I, McCoy J, et al. (1996) Genetic selection of peptide aptamers that recognize and <strong>in</strong>hibit cycl<strong>in</strong>-dependent k<strong>in</strong>ase 2. Nature 380: 548-550. 142. von Moos E, Ben RN (2005) Recent <strong>advances</strong> <strong>in</strong> the synthesis of C-l<strong>in</strong>ked glycoconjugates. Curr Top Med Chem 5: 1351-1361. 143. Engel JB, Schally AV, Halmos G, Baker B, Nagy A, et al. (2005) Targeted cytotoxic bombes<strong>in</strong> analog AN-215 effectively <strong>in</strong>hibits experimental human breast cancers with a low <strong>in</strong>duction of multi-drug resistance prote<strong>in</strong>s. Endocr Relat Cancer 12: 999-1009. 144. Keller G, Schally AV, Nagy A, Baker B, Halmos G, et al. (2006) Effective therapy of experimental human malignant melanomas with a targeted cytotoxic somatostat<strong>in</strong> analogue without <strong>in</strong>duction of multi-drug resistance prote<strong>in</strong>s. Int J Oncol 28: 1507-1513. 145. Sun LC, Coy DH (2011) Somatostat<strong>in</strong> receptor-targeted anti-cancer therapy. Curr Drug Deliv 8: 2-10. 146. Derossi D, Joliot AH, Chassa<strong>in</strong>g G, Prochiantz A (1994) The third helix of the Antennapedia homeodoma<strong>in</strong> translocates through biological membranes. J Biol Chem 269: 10444-10450. 147. Vivès E, Brod<strong>in</strong> P, Lebleu B (1997) A truncated HIV-1 Tat prote<strong>in</strong> basic doma<strong>in</strong> rapidly translocates through the plasma membrane and accumulates <strong>in</strong> the cell nucleus. J Biol Chem 272: 16010-16017. 148. Wender PA, Mitchell DJ, Pattabiraman K, Pelkey ET, Ste<strong>in</strong>man L, et al. (2000) The design, synthesis, and evaluation of molecules that enable or enhance cellular uptake: peptoid molecular transporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97: 13003-13008. 149. Madani F, L<strong>in</strong>dberg S, Langel U, Futaki S, Gräslund A (2011) Mechanisms of cellular uptake of cell-penetrat<strong>in</strong>g peptides. J Biophys 2011: 414729. 150. Engel JB, Schally AV, Halmos G, Baker B, Nagy A, et al. (2005) Targeted cytotoxic bombes<strong>in</strong> analog AN-215 effectively <strong>in</strong>hibits experimental human breast cancers with a low <strong>in</strong>duction of multi-drug resistance prote<strong>in</strong>s. Endocr Relat Cancer 12: 999-1009. 151. Keller G, Schally AV, Nagy A, Baker B, Halmos G, et al. (2006) Effective therapy of experimental human malignant melanomas with a targeted cytotoxic somatostat<strong>in</strong> analogue without <strong>in</strong>duction of multi-drug resistance prote<strong>in</strong>s. Int J Oncol 28: 1507-1513. 152. Silva AL, Rosalia RA, Sazak A, Carstens MG, Ossendorp F, et al. (2013) Optimization of encapsulation of a synthetic long peptide <strong>in</strong> PLGA nanoparticles: low-burst release is crucial for efficient CD8(+) T cell activation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 83: 338-345. 153. Dombu CY, Betbeder D (2013) Airway delivery of peptides and prote<strong>in</strong>s us<strong>in</strong>g nanoparticles. Biomaterials 34: 516-525. 154. Marx V (2005) Watch<strong>in</strong>g Peptide Drugs Grow up. C&EN 83: 17-24. OMICS Group eBooks 015
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Tyrosine Nitrated Proteins: Biochem
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[58-61]. Protein sulfhydryls [62] a
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Oligoclonality of the antibody resp
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The Recent Methodologies of Protein
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Brownian Dynamics (BD) method Prote
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protein demonstrate the lowest ener
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Figure 12: Steps in Protein Prepara
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FlexServ The flexibility of protein
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21. van der Kamp MW, Shaw KE, Woods
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Advances in Protein Thermodynamics
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3. Fluorescence correlation spectro
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MMPs are believed to remodel the EC
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MMPs7 (Matrilysin, PUMP 1) A big ro
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MMP27 (MMP-22, C-MMP) mRNAs for MMP
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Signal transduction MMP production
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Future Perspective Research into ne
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56. Yonemura Y, Endo Y, Fujita H, K
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Proteins and Peptides- Reemergence
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purification methodology and laid t
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molecules such as proteins. Further
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