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(2004) Dist<strong>in</strong>ct contribution of IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1, and IL-10 to T cell-mediated spontaneous autoimmune arthritis <strong>in</strong> mice. J Cl<strong>in</strong> Invest 114: 582-588. 31. Ma<strong>in</strong>i R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, Furst D, Kalden J, et al. (1999) Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody) versus placebo <strong>in</strong> rheumatoid arthritis patients receiv<strong>in</strong>g concomitant methotrexate: a randomised phase III trial. ATTRACT Study Group. Lancet 354: 1932–1939. 32. Feldmann M, Brennan FM, Ma<strong>in</strong>i RN (1996) Role of cytok<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> rheumatoid arthritis. Annu Rev Immunol 14: 397-440. 33. O’Shea JJ, Ma A, Lipsky P (2002) Cytok<strong>in</strong>es and autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2: 37-45. 34. Sharpe AH, Abbas AK (2006) T-cell costimulation--biology, therapeutic potential, and challenges. N Engl J Med 355: 973-975. 35. Cohen SB, Emery P, Greenwald MW, Dougados M, Furie RA, et al. (2006) Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-bl<strong>in</strong>d, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluat<strong>in</strong>g primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks. Arthritis Rheum., 54: 2793-2806. 36. Chapl<strong>in</strong> DD (2006) 1. Overview of the human immune response. J Allergy Cl<strong>in</strong> Immunol 117: 430-435. 37. L<strong>in</strong> J, Sampson HA (2009) The role of immunoglobul<strong>in</strong> E-b<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g epitopes <strong>in</strong> the characterization of food allergy. Curr Op<strong>in</strong> Allergy Cl<strong>in</strong> Immunol 9: 357-363. 38. Savage JH, Matsui EC, Skripak JM, Wood RA (2007) The natural history of egg allergy. J Allergy Cl<strong>in</strong> Immunol 120: 1413-1417. 39. Sicherer SH, Muñoz-Furlong A, Godbold JH, Sampson HA (2010) US prevalence of self-reported peanut, tree nut, and sesame allergy: 11-year followup. J Allergy Cl<strong>in</strong> Immunol 125: 1322-1326. 40. Patriarca G, Nucera E, Roncallo C, Pollastr<strong>in</strong>i E, Bartolozzi F, et al. (2003) Oral desensitiz<strong>in</strong>g treatment <strong>in</strong> food allergy: cl<strong>in</strong>ical and immunological results. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17: 459-465. 41. Husby S (2000) Normal immune responses to <strong>in</strong>gested foods. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 30: 13-19. 42. Li XM, Srivastava K, Grish<strong>in</strong> A, Huang CK, Schofield B, et al. (2003) Persistent protective effect of heat-killed Escherichia coli produc<strong>in</strong>g “eng<strong>in</strong>eered,” recomb<strong>in</strong>ant peanut prote<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> a mur<strong>in</strong>e model of peanut allergy. J Allergy Cl<strong>in</strong> Immunol 112: 159-167. 43. 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Sato AK, Viswanathan M, Kent RB, Wood CR (2006) Therapeutic peptides: technological <strong>advances</strong> driv<strong>in</strong>g peptides <strong>in</strong>to development. Curr Op<strong>in</strong> Biotechnol 17: 638-642. 50. Sato AK, Viswanathan M, Kent RB, Wood CR (2006) Therapeutic peptides: technological <strong>advances</strong> driv<strong>in</strong>g peptides <strong>in</strong>to development. Curr Op<strong>in</strong> Biotechnol 17: 638-642. 51. Woodley JF (1994) Enzymatic barriers for GI peptide and prote<strong>in</strong> delivery. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 11: 61-95. 52. Witt KA, Gillespie TJ, Huber JD, Egleton RD, Davis TP (2001) Peptide drug modifications to enhance bioavailability and blood-bra<strong>in</strong> barrier permeability. Peptides 22: 2329-2343. 53. Bray BL (2003) Large-scale manufacture of peptide therapeutics by chemical synthesis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2: 587-593. 54. 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Advances <strong>in</strong> Prote<strong>in</strong> Chemistry Chapter: New Prote<strong>in</strong> Purification Approaches Edited by: Ghulam Md Ashraf and Ishfaq Ahmed Sheikh Published by OMICS Group eBooks 731 Gull Ave, Foster City. CA 94404, USA Copyright © 2013 OMICS Group All book chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissem<strong>in</strong>ation and a wider impact of our publications. However, users who aim to dissem<strong>in</strong>ate and distribute copies of this book as a whole must not seek monetary compensation for such service (excluded OMICS Group representatives and agreed collaborations). After this work has been published by OMICS Group, authors have the right to republish it, <strong>in</strong> whole or part, <strong>in</strong> any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referenc<strong>in</strong>g or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the orig<strong>in</strong>al source. Notice: Statements and op<strong>in</strong>ions expressed <strong>in</strong> the book are these of the <strong>in</strong>dividual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of <strong>in</strong>formation conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or <strong>in</strong>jury to persons or property aris<strong>in</strong>g out of the use of any materials, <strong>in</strong>structions, methods or ideas conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> the book. Cover OMICS Group Design team First published November, 2013 A free onl<strong>in</strong>e edition of this book is available at www.esciencecentral.org/ebooks Additional hard copies can be obta<strong>in</strong>ed from orders @ www.esciencecentral.org/ebooks
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www.esciencecentral.org/ebooks Adva
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Tyrosine Nitrated Proteins: Biochem
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[58-61]. Protein sulfhydryls [62] a
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2. Souza JM, Daikhin E, Yudkoff M,
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Oligoclonality of the antibody resp
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The Recent Methodologies of Protein
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are due to altering protein activit
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Figure 6: At Domain Level, Protein
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Brownian Dynamics (BD) method Prote
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pre-requisite in understanding how
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82. Rodger A, Marrington R, Roper D
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New Peptide Based Therapeutic Appro
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ability to selectively target cells
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24 amino acid extracellular domain
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separation efficiency. However, use
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the peptides through acetylation an
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63. Mesiano AJ, Beckman EJ, Russell
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Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 330
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Protein Detection Techniques Dennis
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technique has been applied to the i
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involves placing our protein of int