marine research in finland - Baltic Marine Environment Bibliography

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the National Board of Waters and Environment; the Tvirminne Zoological Station; the Dept. of Limnology, Helsinki University), bottoms and bottom fauna (the Finnish Institute of Marine Research), and water exchange, nutrients and hydrography (the Finnish Institute of Marine Research, where Dr. Pekka Alenius is the Nordic coordinator of this Sub-Project). Scientists from the Baltic countries have participated in training courses or worked at institutes in Finland for several months. References A Nordic Environmental Research Programme for 1993- 1997. - Nord 199 1:41. 153 pp. Nordic Environmental Research Programme 1993- 1997 - annual report for 1993. - TemaNord 1994: 545.31 pp. 2. EUROPEAN ACTIVITIES AND COOPERATION Pentti Mglkki The European cooperation in marine science is basically coordinated by two different organisations. The European Science Foundation (ESF), a coordination organisation of national research councils, has its own programs. The principal funding agency in European marine research is, however, the CEC. The EU Framework Programme consists of several subprogrammes which have also marine research components. From among these, Agriculture and Fisheries and Environment as well as Marine Science and Technology Programmes deserve to be mentioned. Through its Science Program MAST (Marine Science and Technology), EU plays a dominant role in determining the ways and means of cooperative studies. The research programmes have the following aims: • Creating cohesion through integration of marine research, and 0 Creating compatibility within European research and development. The programme is not intended to replace national research activities; it focuses only on such work as can best be achieved through multinational participation (the subsidiarity principle). Consequently, research funds are not given to national or bilateral programmes. The present IVth Framework programme was launched in 1994, and on the basis of its defined goals, research work is being carried out on various fields of oceanography and marine technology. Majority of the institutions listed above take part in a number of projects. ESF and CEC have jointly established a special committee for scientific advice, the European Committee on Ocean and Polar Sciences, ECOPS. Membership of the ECOPS is based on personal invitation. ECOPS has, after a few years of activity, launched the concept of European Grand Challenges for the future. These Grand Challenges have been considered in a number of conferences, and are intended for the guiding of future cooperation. Following the activities of ECOPS, the ESF has established two special bodies for promoting coordination and cooperation in European marine science: the European Marine Sciences Board and the European Polar Research Board. The latter of these deals also with marine sciences in the polar regions. 3. THE HELSINKI COMMISSION AND ITS MONITORING PROGRAMME FOR THE BALTIC SEA Eeva-Liisa Poutanen The Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, 1974, known shortly as the Helsinki Convention, was signed twenty years ago by the seven Baltic Sea States of that time (Denmark, Finland, the German Democratic Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, Poland, Sweden and the USSR). The Convention entered into force in 1980, when 33
34 it was ratified by all the states. It covers the whole sea area out to the border between the Kattegatt and Skagerrak but excludes internal waters. The objective of the Helsinki Convention is to protect the Baltic marine environment against all sources of pollution, from both land and shipping. According to the Convention dumping was also prohibited as well as all pollution, in the context of seabed utilization and research. In 1992 the Government of Finland convened a Diplomatic Conference in Helsinki which adopted a revised Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area. This revised Convention has been signed by all the Baltic Sea States and by the Commission of the European Communities. In the revised Convention, which is based on the many years of experience with the 1974 Convention, the Baltic Sea is extended to cover the internal waters of the Contracting Parties. Compared to the 1974 Convention the new Convention has mainly the same structure, but there are essential substantive changes, which aim at strengthening the obligations of the Contracting Parties to protect the Baltic Sea. Some characteristic features of the new Convention are: the convention area also includes internal waters incineration and dumping are forbidden promotion of the use of the best environmental practice promotion of the use of the best available technology the “polluter-pays” principle to be applied the precautionary principle shall be applied an environment impact assessment required of any proposed activity likely to cause a significant adverse impact prevention of pollution from ships co-operation in combatting marine pollution measures to be taken to conserve natural habitats and biological diversity and to protect ecological processes reporting on measures to implement the convention information to the public by each country the promotion of close co-operation with other appropriate bodies. The 1992 Convention tightens and specifies measures to combat pollution from land-based sources. The clear objective is to prevent and eliminate pollution. The Best Environmental Practice and Best Available Technology are to be used for this purpose. The Convention also takes into account the fact that preventive measures must be taken over the whole catchment area of the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Monitoring Programme The aim of the monitoring and evaluations of the Baltic Sea environment is to provide a basis for ministers and administrators, when considering priorities of necessary action to be taken to clean the Baltic Sea. The results have shown that the time is ripe to admit the mistakes in the decision-making of the past. The results have also shown that a unique network of scientists and administrators has been developed between the Baltic Sea States, capable of informing and advising the governments and local authorities as well as ordinary people, within the limits of the resources provided for this purpose both at an international level through the Helsinki Commission and at a national level. The objective should be to clear the common property, the Baltic Sea. The information is available; the ways and means exist. The Baltic Monitoring Programme (BMP) is the basis for the joint monitoring activities in the Baltic Sea. The implementation of the programme is based on the HELCOM Recommendation concerning the Guidelines for the Baltic Monitoring Programme. The Programme has been implemented in several stages. The first stage (1979-1983) was experimental in character and served as a pilot programme comprising a limited number of stations and measurements but,
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Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION.. . . . . .
Page 5 and 6: II SEMINAR 1. FINNISH INSTITUTE OF
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Page 9 and 10: cially solving problems related to
Page 11 and 12: 10 3.5. Facilities The Finnish Game
Page 13 and 14: 12 4. FINNISH CENTRE FOR RADIATION
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Page 19 and 20: 18 1919 the station was bequeathed
Page 21 and 22: 20 5. The ecology and biogeography
Page 23 and 24: 22 b. Research regarding islands an
Page 25 and 26: 24 • Studies of reproductive diso
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Page 29 and 30: 28 14.3. DK2, Africar The Finnish G
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Page 37 and 38: 36 hydrocarbons in marine samples a
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Page 41 and 42: 40 well up with sedimentology; we h
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Page 45 and 46: 44 Both in limnological and in mari
Page 47 and 48: In the battle for research funding
Page 49: questions should also be considered

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