marine research in finland - Baltic Marine Environment Bibliography

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3 I INTRODUCTION In the spring 1994, a seminar was organised jointly by the Finnish National Committee for SCOR and the Finnish Society for Marine Research and Marine Technology, in order to review ongoing activities in the various fields of marine research. An earlier survey, published in 1987 (Meri No. 14) in Finnish, was found to be no longer relevant. Not surprisingly, the seminar achieved considerable popularity, and many participants discovered interesting ongoing activities they were not aware of. The programme consisted of work being carried out in various institutions, presented orally and by posters, a review of international activities at the Nordic and European levels, invited views on topical themes, polemic comments on various disciplines - “which way forward?” - and panel discussions. This publication summarizes the outcome of the seminar, while the presentations have been included in the form in which the authors presented them. For several reasons, the publication was delayed until 1996. Therefore, most of the provided material has been updated to correspond the present situation, Due to the different styles of presentation, this implies some heterogeneity in the material available. The editor hopes that despite of these characteristics, the reader will be able to obtain a picture of the kinds of research being carried out in Finland at the time of the seminar. Juha Flinkman
II SEMINAR 1. FINNISH INSTITUTE OF MARINE RESEARCH Pentti Mdkki 1.1. Introduction The Finnish Institute of Marine Research was established in 1918 as a governmental research institute responsible for basic research on ice, water levels, hydrography and marine chemistry, with a responsibility for ice and water level services. The Institute undertook a continuation of the studies carried out by the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, supported by govemmental funding. The scope of work expanded during the decades, and marine biology was included in the 1950’s. Today the Institute is responsible to the Ministry of Transport and Communications, and consists of departments for physical oceanography, chemical oceanography and biological oceanography. The goal of the Institute is to carry out both basic and applied research of good international quality in its field, provide public services on ice conditions, water levels and monitoring of the Baltic Sea environment, and provide library services on oceanographic literature. 1.2. Physical Oceanography The physical oceanographic research covers studies of the ice, hydrography, sea level, waves, heat balance and currents of the Baltic Sea, as well as oceanographic and air-sea interaction studies in the Weddell and Greenland Seas. On an average winter, more than half of the Baltic Sea is covered by ice. The presence of ice hampers shipping to Finnish harbours, and this was one of the main reasons for starting sea-ice studies in the Institute. The basic research focuses on the properties of ice, its movements and thermodynamics, and on ways and means of using various kinds of remote sensing techniques for the detection of the ice cover. In order to provide tools for the ice service, numerical models have been developed for forecasting sea ice movement; these models are in operative use. Studies of sea ice properties have in recent years focused on remote sensing methods, in addition to visible spectrum satellite and flight surveys, for application also to future radar satellites, in particular ERS-1, for detection of the ice cover in cloudy conditions. These studies have also been carried out elsewhere than the Baltic Sea, e.g. in both polar seas. The dynamics of the Baltic Sea is studied by mounting field expeditions and in the development of numerical models. The main focus in the studies has been on the northern part of the Baltic, including the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland. Numerical models for forecasting water levels have been developed: jointly with an observing network of 13 continuously-recording tide gauges these models provide the basis for service activities. Studies of wind-induced waves have been carried out since the early 1970’s. The data collected so far give a good basis for estimating the statistical features of the Baltic Sea wave climate, and provide good testing material for the development of wave forecast models. Air-sea interaction studies are carried out in the Baltic for determining the climatological heat balance of the upper ocean layers, and for determination of the autumnal cooling before the freezing of the sea. Several expeditions, carried out in the winter, have been combined with the respective ice studies. In recent years, since Finland’s joining the Antarctic Treaty, joint intemational air-sea and ice studies have been carried out in the Weddell Sea, with the aim of determining the climatic conditions of the region.
Page 1 and 2: MERI - Report Series of the Finnish
Page 3: CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION.. . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: 6 Studies into the abundance and bi
Page 9 and 10: cially solving problems related to
Page 11 and 12: 10 3.5. Facilities The Finnish Game
Page 13 and 14: 12 4. FINNISH CENTRE FOR RADIATION
Page 15 and 16: 14 (2) A considerable source of dat
Page 17 and 18: 16 cal data the vertical water and
Page 19 and 20: 18 1919 the station was bequeathed
Page 21 and 22: 20 5. The ecology and biogeography
Page 23 and 24: 22 b. Research regarding islands an
Page 25 and 26: 24 • Studies of reproductive diso
Page 27 and 28: 26 • BSL (Baltic Sea Level projec
Page 29 and 30: 28 14.3. DK2, Africar The Finnish G
Page 31 and 32: 30 7250 7200 6 9 5 0 Fig. 6. The Fi
Page 33 and 34: 32 The Programme concentrates on th
Page 35 and 36: 34 it was ratified by all the state
Page 37 and 38: 36 hydrocarbons in marine samples a
Page 39 and 40: 38 - When the water arrives in a ba
Page 41 and 42: 40 well up with sedimentology; we h
Page 43 and 44: 42 One or two decades ago the unive
Page 45 and 46: 44 Both in limnological and in mari
Page 47 and 48: In the battle for research funding
Page 49: questions should also be considered

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