Key Concept Chart - Pearson

‘
Integrated Science
Key Concept Chart
Form 3
Science, technology and society
Useful definitions
anti-virus software: software that has been written to find and
destroy viruses
desktop publishing (DTP): the process of creating complex
documents such as magazines on a computer
download: a piece of software obtained from a server on the
Internet and transferred onto your computer
email: messages sent from one computer user to another using
electronic mailboxes on email servers on the Internet
hardware: the electronics of a computer
Internet service provider: a company that sells the use of their
email and web servers to the public
online: connected to the Internet
portable document format (PDF): a small software document
(small number of bytes) that can easily be sent by email
search engine: software on a server that allows users to search for
anything on the World Wide Web
viruses: pieces of computer software that can spread on the
Internet and damage computers
web browsers: software in a computer that allows users to find
and read websites
web server: a computer that contains websites that users can read
on the World Wide Web
word-processing: the commonly used process of creating
electronic documents such as letters on a computer
The nature of matter
Useful definitions
atom: the basic building block of matter; the smallest particle that
all matter is made of
atomic number: the number of protons in an atom
boiling point: the temperature at which a liquid boils
compound: a chemical combination of two or more elements in
fixed proportions
diatomic molecules: molecules that are made up of two atoms
distillation: a purification process that uses the difference in
boiling points of the constituents of a mixture
electron configuration: the arrangement of the electrons in an
atom or molecule
element: a substance that contains only one type of atom
evaporation: the process by which some materials change from
liquid to gas
isotopes: atoms of the same element with different masses
mass number: the total number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom
matter: all objects in the universe are made of matter
melting point: the temperature at which a substance changes
from solid to liquid
mixture: a combination of elements in any proportion that can be
separated by physical processes
molecule: two or more atoms joined together
nucleus: the centre of an atom containing the protons and neutrons
orbit: to move around something
orbitals: the different energy levels around the nucleus that
electrons occupy
reactivity: the rate or speed at which a chemical substance tends
to undergo a chemical reaction
Managing natural resources
• Pollution results when any form of harmful substance enters
the environment.
• The three main types of pollution are air, water and soil
pollution.
• Examples of sources of pollution are: burning of fossil fuels,
poisons, sewage, plastics, pesticides, toxic waste, mines,
agriculture, power plants and construction sites.
• Problems caused by pollution include: acid rain, global
warming, polluted water, contaminated soil and health
problems (lung diseases, cholera, dysentery, typhoid
and cancer).
• Ways in which we can manage pollution include: educating
people about its dangers, handling and disposing of waste
correctly, reducing the amount of pollutants produced, using
environmentally-friendly products, and reducing the use of
fossil fuels.
Acids and bases
• pH tells us how acidic or basic a substance is. It is measured
on a scale from 0 to 14.
• The strength of a substance relates to how well it dissociates
when dissolved in water, while the concentration is a
measure of how much of a substance is dissolved.
• A strong acid has a low pH.
• A weak acid has a high pH.
• A concentrated acid has a lot of acid and a little water.
• A diluted acid has a lot of water and a little acid.
When a metal reacts with an acid:
acid + metal → salt + hydrogen gas
When a carbonate reacts with an acid:
carbonate + acid → salt + carbon dioxide + water
The pH Scale:
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Periodic Table
}
7
Group 1 elements
These are soft light metals. They react very quickly
to water, are similar and are called alkali metals.
11
I
Li
Lithium
Na
Sodium
9
II
Be
Berryllium
12
Mg
Magnesium
1
H
Hydrogen
Transition elements
These are unreactive metals. They have very high melting points.
They are very useful. Many of their compounds are coloured.
Group VIII elements
(called group 0)
These are all gases. They do not form compounds.
They are called noble or inert gases.
Group VII elements
These are very reactive non-metals.
They are poisonous, but some of their
compounds (like table salt) are essential
for us to live. They are called halogens.
5
13
III IV V VI VII
B
Boron
Ai
Aluminium
6
14
C
Carbon
Si
Silicon
7
15
N
Nitrogen
P
Phosphorous
8
16
O
Oxygen
S
Sulphur
}
9
17
F
Fluorine
Cl
Chlorine
}
VIII
2
He
10
Helium
Ne
18
Neon
Ar
Argon
19
K
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25 26 27 28
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31 32 33 34
Ga
Ge
As
Se
35
Br
36
Kr
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
37
Rb
38
Sr
39
Y
40
Zr
41
Nb
42
Mo
43
Tc
44 45 46 47
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
48
Cd
49
In
50 51 52 53
Sn
Sb
Te
I
54
Xe
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
55
Cs
56
Ba
57
La
72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76 77 78 79
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
80
Hg
81
Tl
82 83 84 85
Pb
Bi
Po
At
86
Rn
Cesium
Barium
Lanthamium
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
87
Fr
88
Ra
89
Ac
104
Rf
105
Db
106
Sg
107
Bh
108
Hs
109
Mt
Francium
Radium
Actinium
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
Meitnerium
58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd
61 62 63 64
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
65
Tb
66
Dy
67 68 69 70
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
71
Lu
Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Promethium
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
93 94 95 96
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
97
Bk
98
Cf
99
Es
100
Fm
101
Md
102
No
103
Lr
Thorium
Protactimium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
KEY
Reactive
metals
Transition
metals
Less reactive
metals
Non-metals
Noble gases
Zig-zag line
separates the metals
from the non-metals
1
H
Hydrogen
atomic
number
symbol
name
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Metals and non-metals
Most metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides.
This process is called corrosion.
Metals are mixed with other metals (and sometimes
with non-metals) to make substances called alloys.
Alloys have properties that the original metals do
not have. Brass, bronze and solder are examples
of alloys.
Carbon is a common non-metallic element found
in all molecules of living things. Carbon can exist
in more than one form in the solid state. Different
forms of the same element in the same state
are known as allotropes. Carbon allotropes are
diamonds, graphite and fullerene.
Machines
• Simple machines make work easier.
• A lever is a simple machine.
• You apply a small force at the effort to create a big
force at the load.
• A lever is supported at the fulcrum or pivot.
• An inclined plane enables you to lift objects more
easily and with a smaller force than if you lifted
them vertically.
• The moment of force is the product of the force
applied at a point, and the perpendicular distance
from where the force is acting (e.g. opening a door).
• The Principle of Moments states that when a
beam is balanced, the clockwise motion is equal
to the anticlockwise moment.
Physical and chemical properties of metals
Physical properties
Conduct heat well
Good electrical conductors
Surface is shiny when
clean – this is called lustre
Malleable – they can be
rolled into thin sheets
Ductile – they can be
pulled into thin wires
Sonorous – they make a
sound when hit
Usually solid at room
temperature (except
mercury)
Chemical properties
Usually have 1–3 electrons
in their outer shell
Lose the electrons in their
outer shell easily
React with oxygen to
produce basic oxides
Good reducing agents
Physical and chemical properties of non-metals
Physical properties
Poor conductors of heat –
they are insulators
Chemical properties
Usually have 4–8 electrons
in their outer shell
load (large force)
Electricity and magnetism
• A resistor is any conductor that resists the flow of
current in a circuit. Bulbs are resistors.
• We measure resistance in units called ohms Ω.
• In a resistor, electrical energy is changed into
other forms of energy such as heat and light.
• This voltage drop across a resistor is a measure of
how much energy is converted to heat and light
energy in the resistor.
• The current passing through a resistor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across it.
• The resistance of a wire increases when it gets hot.
Remember:
fulcrum
A spade being used as a lever
effort (small force)
Do not conduct electricity
well
Brittle if they are solids
Not ductile
Do not have a metallic
lustre
Can be solids, liquids or
gases at room temperature
Gain or share the electrons
in their outer shell easily
React with oxygen to form
oxides that are acidic
Good oxidising agents
R = V ; V = IR; I = V
I
R
Resistance = voltage
current
If several resistors are connected in series in a circuit:
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + …
If several resistors are connected in parallel in a
circuit: 1 1 1
= + + …
R R1 R1
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Reviewed by: Masego Basimanebotlhe
2011/07/14 03:48:44 PM
TOPIC 9 Body systems
In Form 2, you learnt some important things about the
human body. For example, you studied how your body is used
for communication and
The
how
human
the sense
body
organs help you to
communicate. You also learnt that the nervous system is made up
of • many The nerves functions that make of the different skeleton muscles are react. to protect Some of these
muscles, together with bones and joints, enable you to move your
internal organs, support the muscles and body
body. For example, you use muscles, bones and joints to walk, hold
a pencil,
organs
kick
and
a soccer
allow
ball,
body
and so
movement.
on.
• A joint is a part of the body that can bend
In this because unit, we two will learn bones about meet the there. physiology of bones, muscles
and • joints. For movement to happen, the action of the
The muscles, main functions bones of and the joints human must skeleton be coordinated.
The adult
Muscles
human
are
skeleton
attached
is made
to bones
up of 206
by
different
tendons.
bones.
Limbs
These
bones function begin to develop as levers. before Bones birth. are As pulled newborn by babies, pairs our of bones
are soft, muscles and our to bodies move are the floppy. levers. As we get older, our bones get
hard • Posture and strong is and the we position can or of stand the body up straight. parts relative
to one another.
Look at Figure 9.1 to see all the different bones in the adult
skeleton.
• Good
Notice
posture
that most
involves
of the
aligning
bones have
each
scientific
part of
names, for
example, the body humerus with and the femur. neighbouring You do not need parts, to remember thereby the
names keeping of the bones! them well-balanced and supported.
skull
cervical vertebrae
clavicle
scapula
sternum
humerus
ribs
vertebral column
pelvis
radius
ulna
carpals
metatarsals
phalanges
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
The human skeleton
HIV/AIDS
AIDS care-givers must:
• provide emotional support and practical help to
AIDS patients,
• respect the confidentiality of AIDS patients,
• know how to prevent infections, control pain and
cope with very ill patients, and
• encourage patients to do gentle exercise, eat
healthily and take sufficient rest.
Force, motion and energy
• Forces can cause stationary objects to move and
moving objects to change direction or slow down.
• Newton’s First Law of Motion states that an object
remains at rest, or if it is moving it will continue to
move with constant speed in the same direction,
until a force acts on it to move it differently.
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion says that when
a force is applied to a moving object it causes the
momentum of the object to change. The rate of
change of this momentum is equal to the size of
the force. The change takes place in the direction
of the force.
• A useful way of expressing Newton’s Second
Law is the formula F = ma, where F is the force
applied, m is the mass of the object and a is the
acceleration of the object caused by the force.
• Newton’s Third Law of Motion says that action
and reaction are equal and opposite. This means
that if you push against a wall, the wall is also
pushing against you with the same force.
New word
physiology the study of
how living bodies work
Key concept
The human skeleton is
made up of 206 different
bones. The main functions
of the human skeleton are:
to give sturdiness and
provide a frame, to provide
attachments for muscles
and ligaments, to enable
the body to move, and to
provide protection for vital
organs.
Emerging issue
Children must have good
nutrition, because bones
need calcium, and muscles
need carbohydrates and
protein to become strong
and healthy.
The solar system
Space exploration:
• provides us with more information about space
beyond our Earth,
• tells us what the universe was like in the distant past,
• is expensive and dangerous,
• has contributed to advances in types of plastic,
television, computers and human health, and
• relies on the skills of astronauts, pilots, computer
technicians, mechanics, medical doctors, scientists,
engineers, chemists and geologists.
Satellites give us information about Earth. Some
research satellites contain devices that can study
the universe 199 from above the atmosphere, obtaining
information that we cannot get on Earth.
Space probes send information back about other
parts of the solar system. There are many different
kinds of telescopes that detect radio waves, X-rays,
heat and light from objects in the universe.
The solar system
Figure 9.1 A front and back
view of the human skeleton
SO 7.4.1.1, 7.4.1.2
Sun
Mercury
Mars
Earth
Saturn
Uranus
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