Key Concept Chart - Pearson

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IA INT SCIENCE 3SB CV.indd 1
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Janice Barrett | Alpa Somaiya
Reviewed by: Masego Basimanebotlhe
2011/07/14 03:48:44 PM
TOPIC 9 Body systems
In Form 2, you learnt some important things about the
human body. For example, you studied how your body is used
for communication and
The
how
human
the sense
body
organs help you to
communicate. You also learnt that the nervous system is made up
of • many The nerves functions that make of the different skeleton muscles are react. to protect Some of these
muscles, together with bones and joints, enable you to move your
internal organs, support the muscles and body
body. For example, you use muscles, bones and joints to walk, hold
a pencil,
organs
kick
and
a soccer
allow
ball,
body
and so
movement.
on.
• A joint is a part of the body that can bend
In this because unit, we two will learn bones about meet the there. physiology of bones, muscles
and • joints. For movement to happen, the action of the
The muscles, main functions bones of and the joints human must skeleton be coordinated.
The adult
Muscles
human
are
skeleton
attached
is made
to bones
up of 206
by
different
tendons.
bones.
Limbs
These
bones function begin to develop as levers. before Bones birth. are As pulled newborn by babies, pairs our of bones
are soft, muscles and our to bodies move are the floppy. levers. As we get older, our bones get
hard • Posture and strong is and the we position can or of stand the body up straight. parts relative
to one another.
Look at Figure 9.1 to see all the different bones in the adult
skeleton.
• Good
Notice
posture
that most
involves
of the
aligning
bones have
each
scientific
part of
names, for
example, the body humerus with and the femur. neighbouring You do not need parts, to remember thereby the
names keeping of the bones! them well-balanced and supported.
skull
cervical vertebrae
clavicle
scapula
sternum
humerus
ribs
vertebral column
pelvis
radius
ulna
carpals
metatarsals
phalanges
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
The human skeleton
HIV/AIDS
AIDS care-givers must:
• provide emotional support and practical help to
AIDS patients,
• respect the confidentiality of AIDS patients,
• know how to prevent infections, control pain and
cope with very ill patients, and
• encourage patients to do gentle exercise, eat
healthily and take sufficient rest.
Force, motion and energy
• Forces can cause stationary objects to move and
moving objects to change direction or slow down.
• Newton’s First Law of Motion states that an object
remains at rest, or if it is moving it will continue to
move with constant speed in the same direction,
until a force acts on it to move it differently.
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion says that when
a force is applied to a moving object it causes the
momentum of the object to change. The rate of
change of this momentum is equal to the size of
the force. The change takes place in the direction
of the force.
• A useful way of expressing Newton’s Second
Law is the formula F = ma, where F is the force
applied, m is the mass of the object and a is the
acceleration of the object caused by the force.
• Newton’s Third Law of Motion says that action
and reaction are equal and opposite. This means
that if you push against a wall, the wall is also
pushing against you with the same force.
New word
physiology the study of
how living bodies work
Key concept
The human skeleton is
made up of 206 different
bones. The main functions
of the human skeleton are:
to give sturdiness and
provide a frame, to provide
attachments for muscles
and ligaments, to enable
the body to move, and to
provide protection for vital
organs.
Emerging issue
Children must have good
nutrition, because bones
need calcium, and muscles
need carbohydrates and
protein to become strong
and healthy.
The solar system
Space exploration:
• provides us with more information about space
beyond our Earth,
• tells us what the universe was like in the distant past,
• is expensive and dangerous,
• has contributed to advances in types of plastic,
television, computers and human health, and
• relies on the skills of astronauts, pilots, computer
technicians, mechanics, medical doctors, scientists,
engineers, chemists and geologists.
Satellites give us information about Earth. Some
research satellites contain devices that can study
the universe 199 from above the atmosphere, obtaining
information that we cannot get on Earth.
Space probes send information back about other
parts of the solar system. There are many different
kinds of telescopes that detect radio waves, X-rays,
heat and light from objects in the universe.
The solar system
Figure 9.1 A front and back
view of the human skeleton
SO 7.4.1.1, 7.4.1.2
Sun
Mercury
Mars
Earth
Saturn
Uranus
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