Data Structures and Algorithms in Java[1].pdf - Fulvio Frisone

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[7] K. Arnold and J. Gosling, The Java Programming Language. The Java Series, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1996. [8] R. Baeza-Yates and B. Ribeiro-Neto, Modern Information Retrieval. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1999. [9] O. Baruvka, O jistem problemu minimalnim, Praca Moravske Prirodovedecke Spolecnosti, vol. 3, pp. 37–58, 1926. (in Czech). [10] R. Bayer, Symmetric binary B-trees: Data structure and maintenance, Acta Informatica, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 290–306, 1972. [11] R. Bayer and McCreight, Organization of large ordered indexes, Acta Inform., vol. 1, pp. 173–189, 1972. [12] J. L. Bentley, Programming pearls: Writing correct programs, Communications of the ACM, vol. 26, pp. 1040–1045, 1983. [13] J. L. Bentley, Programming pearls: Thanks, heaps, Communications of the ACM, vol. 28, pp. 245–250, 1985. [14] G. Booch, Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications. Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, 1994. [15] R. S. Boyer and J. S. Moore, A fast string searching algorithm, Communications of the ACM, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 762–772, 1977. [16] G. Brassard, Crusade for a better notation, SIGACT News, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 60–64, 1985. [17] T. Budd, An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1991. [18] D. Burger, J. R. Goodman, and G. S. Sohi, Memory systems, in The Computer Science and Engineering Handbook (A. B. Tucker, Jr., ed.), ch. 18, pp. 447–461, CRC Press, 1997. [19] M. Campione and H. Walrath, The Java Tutorial: Programming for the Internet. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley, 1996. [20] L. Cardelli and P. Wegner, On understanding types, data abstraction and polymorphism, ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 471–522, 1985. [21] S. Carlsson, Average case results on heapsort, BIT, vol. 27, pp. 2–17, 1987. [22] K. L. Clarkson, Linear programming in O(n3 d 2 )time, Inform. Process. Lett., vol. 22, pp. 21–24, 1986. [23] R. Cole, Tight bounds on the complexity of the Boyer-Moore pattern matching algorithm, SIAM Journal on Computing, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1075–1091, 1994. [24] D. Comer, The ubiquitous B-tree, ACM Comput. Surv., vol. 11, pp. 121– 137, 1979. [25] T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson, and R. L. Rivest, Introduction to Algorithms. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990. [26] G. Cornell and C. S. Horstmann, Core Java. Mountain View, CA: SunSoft Press, 1996. [27] M. Crochemore and T. Lecroq, Pattern matching and text compression algorithms, in The Computer Science and Engineering Handbook (A. B. Tucker, Jr., ed.), ch. 8, pp. 162–202, CRC Press, 1997. 920
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Page 1 and 2:
Data Structures and Algorithms in J
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To Isabel -Roberto Tamassia Preface
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The Java code implementing fundamen
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PL6. Object-Oriented Programming Ch
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14. Memory A. Useful Mathematical F
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Sun, Nikos Triandopoulos, Luca Vism
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Getting Started: Classes, Types, an
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39 1.7 An Example Program..........
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The main "actors" in a Java program
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else interface switch boolean exten
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Class modifiers are optional keywor
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Comments Note the use of comments i
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Calling the new operator on a class
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n.longValue( ) float Float n = new
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The Dot Operator Every object refer
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object (assuming we are allowed acc
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Note the uses of instance variables
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1.2 Methods Methods in Java are con
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Abstract methods may only appear wi
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is intended to be used to initializ
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} int i = 512; double e = 2.71828;
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% the modulo operator This last ope
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zeros >>> shift bits right, filling
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3 add./subt. + − 4 shift > >>> 5
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double d1 = 3.2; double d2 = 3.9999
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String s = " " + 4.5; // correct, b
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System.out.println("This is tough."
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Defining a For Loop Here is the syn
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that input and inform the user that
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if (a[i][j] == 0) { foundFlag = tru
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the array, we will sometimes refer
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The cells of this new array, "a," a
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ways to reference such an object. W
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float height = s.nextFloat(); Syste
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We show the CreditCard class in Cod
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Code Fragment 1.7: Output from the
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a text editor class may wish to def
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The process of writing a Java progr
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low-level implementation details. A
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variable declaration, or method def
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• @exception exception-name descr
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A careful testing plan is an essent
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Modify the CreditCard class from Co
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A common punishment for school chil
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Object-Oriented Design Principles .
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java.datastructures.net 2.1 Goals,
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Abstraction The notion of abstracti
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2.1.3 Design Patterns One of the ad
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Example 2.1: Consider a class S tha
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S's a() method when asked for o.a()
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Sometimes, in a Java class, it is c
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103
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Code Fragment 2.3: Class for arithm
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A Fibonacci Progression Class As a
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Figure 2.5 : Inheritance diagram fo
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2.3 Exceptions Exceptions are unexp
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goShopping(); // I don't have to tr
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try problem… // This code might h
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instance, wish to identify some of
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The class BoxedItem shows another f
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comparability feature to a class (i
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• T and S are class types and S i
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We show in Code Fragment 2.13 a cla
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Starting with 5.0, Java includes a
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public void insert (P person, P oth
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• Class Goat extends Object and a
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((Place) usa).printMe(); } } class
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C-2.5 Write a program that consists
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Chapter 3 Arrays, Linked Lists, and
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3.4 Circularly Linked Lists and Lin
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A Class for High Scores Suppose we
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Note that we include a method, toSt
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Once we have identified the place i
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Object Removal Suppose some hot sho
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These methods for adding and removi
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This description is much closer to
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there is no swap needed, and return
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num = [10,12,19,28,33,38,41,46,48,5
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In Code Fragment 3.9, we give a sim
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Many computer games, be they strate
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We give a complete Java class for m
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Code Fragment 3.11: A simple, compl
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Like an array, a singly linked list
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Code Fragment 3.14: Inserting a new
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The reverse operation of inserting
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Header and Trailer Sentinels To sim
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Likewise, we can easily perform an
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Figure 3.17: Adding a new node afte
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Code Fragment 3.23: Java class DLis
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We make the following observations
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advance(): Advance the cursor to th
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Some Observations about the CircleL
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Some Sample Output 185
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We show in Code Fragment 3.27 thein
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The factorial function can be defin
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Each multiple of 1 inch also has a
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The trace for drawTicks is more com
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The simplest form of recursion is l
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nonrecursive part of each call. Mor
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3.5.2 Binary Recursion When an algo
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Unfortunately, in spite of the Fibo
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To solve such a puzzle, we need to
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3.6 Exercises For source code and h
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C-3.2 Let A be an array of size n
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Write a recursive Java program that
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Chapter Notes The fundamental data
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Primitive Operations . . . . . . .
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4.1.2 The Logarithm function One of
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4.1.5 The Quadratic function Anothe
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which assigns to an input value n t
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For example, we have the following:
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primarily as slopes. Even so, the e
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and y-coordinate equal to the runni
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Counting Primitive Operations Speci
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Simplifying the Analysis Further In
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Proposition 4.7: The Algorithmarray
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is O(4n 2 + 6n log n), although thi
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256 16 4 16 64 256 4,096 65,536 32
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Running Maximum Problem Size (n) Ti
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should the constant factors they "h
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• There are two nested for loops,
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This definition leads immediately t
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Besides showing a use of the contra
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We may sometimes feel overwhelmed b
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The number of operations executed b
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R-4.22 Show that if d(n) is O(f(n))
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R-4.29 Show that 2 n+1 is O(2 n ).
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Describe a method for finding both
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Describe, in pseudo-code a method f
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Stacks.............................
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down on the stack to become the new
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7 (5) top() 5 (5) pop() 5 () pop()
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In addition, we must define excepti
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5.1.2 A Simple Array-Based Stack Im
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we indicate that the stack no longe
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271
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273
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The array implementation of a stack
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of the list and return its element.
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5.1.5 Matching Parentheses and HTML
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Matching Tags in an HTML Document A
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Code Fragment 5.12: Java program fo
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Another fundamental data structure
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true ( ) enqueue(9) - (9) enqueue(7
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5.2.2 A Simple Array-Based Queue Im
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Using the Modulo Operator to Implem
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which gives the correct result both
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Each of the methods of the singly l
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potato is equivalent to dequeuing a
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- (3) addFirst(5) - (5,3) removeFir
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Thus, a doubly linked list can be u
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Code Fragment 5.18: Class NodeDeque
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Suppose Alice has picked three dist
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Implement a program that can input
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223 6.1.3 A Simple Array-Based Impl
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Sequences....................... 25
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- (7) add(0,4) - (4,7) get(1) 7 (4,
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get(size() −1) addFirst(e) add(0,
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have to be shifted forward. A simil
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Moreover, the java.util.ArrayList c
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An Amortized Analysis of Extendable
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Proposition 6.2: Let S be an array
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linked list without revealing this
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The node list ADT allows us to view
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(8,3,5) set(p 3 ,7) 3 (8,7,5) addAf
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Deque Method Realization with Node-
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new node v to hold the element e, l
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In conclusion, using a doubly linke
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Code Fragment 6.11: Portions of the
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An iterator is a software design pa
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Since looping through the elements
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Code Fragment 6.15: The iterator()
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the last element. That is, it uses
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isEmpty() isEmpty() O(1) time get(i
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deletion is at cursor; A is O(n),L
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where n is the number of elements i
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Efficiency Trade-Offs with an Array
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357
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The previous implementation of a fa
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decreasing order and then pops up a
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accesses several Web pages and then
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R-6.16 Describe how to create an it
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Think about how to extend the circu
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C-6.24 Isabel has an interesting wa
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Chapter 7 Trees Contents 7.1 Genera
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7.3.3 Properties of Binary Trees ..
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Electronics R'Us. The children of t
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Edges and Paths in Trees An edge of
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There are also a number of generic
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Figure 7.5: The linked structure fo
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Code Fragment 7.3: Method depth wri
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Code Fragment 7.6: Algorithm height
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Example 7.6: The preorder traversal
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Code Fragment 7.10: Algorithm paren
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The postorder traversal method is u
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Although the preorder and postorder
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A Recursive Binary Tree Definition
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same depth d as the level dof T. In
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Figure 7.13: Operation that removes
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We use a Java interface BTPosition
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addition to the Binary Tree interfa
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Binary Tree interface. (Continues i
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• Methods size() and isEmpty() us
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The level numbering function p sugg
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Time size, isEmpty O(1) iterator, p
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As is the case for general trees, t
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The inorder traversal of a binary t
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The inorder traversal can also be a
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start an Euler tour by initializing
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• Calls auxiliary method visitRig
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ExpressionTerm at each node. Class
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Code Fragment 7.31: Class EvaluateE
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Let T be an n-node binary tree that
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c. Let T be a proper binary tree wi
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Creativity C-7.1 For each node v in
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C-7.10 Two ordered trees T ′ and
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postorderDraw is similar to preorde
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Describe a nonrecursive method for
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P-7.8 Write a program that can play
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Chapter 8 Priority Queues Contents
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The Heap Data Structure............
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As in the examples above from an ai
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package includes a similar Entry in
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Code Fragment 8.3: Class representi
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insert(5,A) e 1 [=(5,A)] {(5,A)} in
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size() size() isEmpty() isEmpty() i
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at the time the method is executed.
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Code Fragment 8.7: Java class Defau
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465
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Insertion-Sort If we implement the
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An efficient realization of a prior
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Proposition 8.5: A heap T storing n
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The Array List Representation of a
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java.util.ArrayList. (Continues in
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Code Fragment 8.12: Class ArrayList
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8.3.3 Implementing a Priority Queue
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The upward movement of the newly in
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Analysis Table 8.3 shows the runnin
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We conclude that the heap data stru
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Code Fragment 8.15: Remaining auxil
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As we have previously observed, rea
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8.3.6 Bottom-Up Heap Construction
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Recursive Bottom-Up Heap Constructi
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Figure 8.11: Visual justification o
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insert(3,B) e 2 {(3,B), (5,A)} inse
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The performance of an adaptable pri
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Code Fragment 8.18: An adaptable pr
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503
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Illustrate the execution of the sel
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A group of children want to play a
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C-8.13 We can represent a path from
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P-8.1 Give a Java implementation of
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Chapter 9 Maps and Dictionaries Con
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9.3.3 Ordered Search Tables and Bin
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In either case, we use a key as a u
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null {(5,A), (7,B)} put(2,C) null {
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get(k) put(k,v) put(k,v) remove(k)
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time of map operations in an n-entr
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Hash Codes in Java The generic Obje
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of the word lists provided in two v
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6 6 2 7 14 2 8 105 2 9 18 2 10 277
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however, for if there is a repeated
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only the one entry. We leave the de
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key k will skip over cells containi
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537
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539
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9.2.7 Load Factors and Rehashing In
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example, when pundits study politic
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for the keys, and we provide additi
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findAll(2) {(2,C), (2,E)} {(5,A), (
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Analysis of a List-Based Dictionary
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for entries with duplicate keys. As
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Figure 9.7: Realization of a dictio
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Considering the running time of bin
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Method List Hash Table Search Table
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An example of a skip list is shown
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We give a pseudo-code description o
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the new entry are drawn with thick
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can go into what is almost an infin
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of entries in the dictionary at the
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O(n) O(logn) (expected) 9.5.2 The O
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lastKey() last().getValue() get(las
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Formally, we say a price-performanc
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What is the worst-case running time
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Describe how to use a map to implem
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in memory, describe a method runnin
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please see the various research pap
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Amortized Analysis of Splaying ★.
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10.1.1 Searching To perform operati
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We can also show that a variation o
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The implementation of the remove(k)
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O(h) time, where h is the height of
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Class BinarySearchTree uses locatio
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Code Fragment 10.4: Class BinarySea
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Code Fragment 10.5: Class BinarySea
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10.2 AVL Trees In the previous sect
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(10.3) > 2 i · n(h − 2i). That i
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We restore the balance of the nodes
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Figure 10.9: Schematic illustration
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find another, we perform a restruct
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In Code Fragments 10.7 and 10.8, we
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Code Fragment 10.8: Auxiliary metho
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10.3 Splay Trees Another way we can
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We perform a zig-zig or a zig-zag w
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Figure 10.16: Example of splaying a
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10.3.2 When to Splay The rules that
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10.3.3 Amortized Analysis of Splayi
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When we perform a splaying, we pay
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≤ r ′(x)−r(x) ≤ 3(r ′(x)
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Proposition 10.6: Consider a sequen
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629
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The dictionary we store at each nod
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h≤log(n+1) (10.10) are true. To j
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insertion of 5, which causes an ove
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A split operation affects a constan
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operation; (f) after the fusion ope
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collection returned by findAll. The
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Figure 10.27: Correspondence betwee
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• Take node z, its parent v, and
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Figures 10.30 and 10.31 show a sequ
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The cases for insertion imply an in
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and (b) and for node b in part (c)
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Case 2: The Sibling y of r is Black
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Case 3: The Sibling y of r is Red.
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constant amount of work (in a restr
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Performance of Red-Black Trees Tabl
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Thus, a red-black tree achieves log
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Methods insert (Code Fragment 10.10
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665
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Are the rotations in Figures 10.8 a
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T is a (2,4) tree. c. T is a red-bl
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C-10.8 Let D be an ordered dictiona
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Projects P-10.1 N-body simulations
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early approaches to balancing trees
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11.5 Comparison of Sorting Algorith
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elements of S; that is, S 1 contain
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for a child invocation to return. (
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Proposition 11.1: The merge-sort tr
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idea is to iteratively remove the s
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merge-sort, are implemented by eith
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Code Fragment 11.3: Methods mergeSo
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A Nonrecursive Array-Based Implemen
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the case when n is a power of 2. (W
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each node of the quick-sort tree. T
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eturn). Note the divide steps perfo
Page 699 and 700:
Performing Quick-Sort on Arrays and
Page 701 and 702:
E has at least one element (the piv
Page 703 and 704:
the size of the input for this call
Page 705 and 706:
In-place quick-sort modifies the in
Page 707 and 708:
Unfortunately, the implementation a
Page 709 and 710:
algorithm to output the elements of
Page 711 and 712:
itself is a sequence (of entries wi
Page 713 and 714:
first component, we guarantee that
Page 715 and 716:
Bucket-Sort and Radix-Sort Finally,
Page 717 and 718:
generic merging takes time proporti
Page 719 and 720:
• In class Union Merge, merge cop
Page 721 and 722:
Performance of the Sequence Impleme
Page 723 and 724:
With this partition data structure,
Page 725 and 726:
The Log-Star and Inverse Ackermann
Page 727 and 728:
This may come as a small surprise,
Page 729 and 730:
is the same as the expected number
Page 731 and 732:
Show that the probability that any
Page 733 and 734:
Describe what additional informatio
Page 735 and 736:
Argue why the previous claim proves
Page 737 and 738:
threads of b. Describe and analyze
Page 739 and 740:
Design and implement a stable versi
Page 741 and 742:
Contents 12.1 String Operations ...
Page 743 and 744:
567 12.5 Text Similarity Testing ..
Page 745 and 746:
finite, we usually assume that the
Page 747 and 748:
Return and update S to be the strin
Page 749 and 750:
Performance The brute-force pattern
Page 751 and 752:
We will formalize these heuristics
Page 753 and 754:
In Figure 12.3, we illustrate the e
Page 755 and 756:
A Java implementation of the BM pat
Page 757 and 758:
using an alternative shift heuristi
Page 759 and 760:
In Figure 12.5, we illustrate the e
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A Java implementation of the KMP pa
Page 763 and 764:
12.3 Tries The pattern matching alg
Page 765 and 766:
The worst case for the number of no
Page 767 and 768:
A compressed trie is similar to a s
Page 769 and 770:
trie. In the next section, we prese
Page 771 and 772:
if such a path can be traced. The d
Page 773 and 774:
Let m be the size of pattern P and
Page 775 and 776:
transmit our text. Likewise, text c
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12.4.2 The Greedy Method Huffman's
Page 779 and 780:
There are few algorithmic technique
Page 781 and 782:
Turning this definition of L[i, j]
Page 783 and 784:
Reinforcement R-12.1 List the prefi
Page 785 and 786:
C-12.5 Say that a pattern P of leng
Page 787 and 788:
suffix of length j in y. Design an
Page 789 and 790:
pattern matching. The reader intere
Page 791 and 792:
Depth-First Search Traversing a Dig
Page 793 and 794:
Example 13.2: We can associate with
Page 795 and 796:
In the propositions that follow, we
Page 797 and 798:
are communication connections betwe
Page 799 and 800:
vertices and m edges, an edge list
Page 801 and 802:
The main feature of the edge list s
Page 803 and 804:
• The edge object for an edge e w
Page 805 and 806:
insertVertex, insertEdge, removeEdg
Page 807 and 808:
not. The optimal performance of met
Page 809 and 810:
came from to get to v, and repeat t
Page 811 and 812:
We can visualize a DFS traversal by
Page 813 and 814:
• Computing a cycle in G, or repo
Page 815 and 816:
depend on the implementation of the
Page 817 and 818:
Code Fragment 13.5: The main templa
Page 819 and 820:
Using the Template Method Pattern f
Page 821 and 822:
Class FindCycleDFS (Code Fragment 1
Page 823 and 824:
levels. BFS can also be thought of
Page 825 and 826:
825
Page 827 and 828:
• Given a start vertex s of G, co
Page 829 and 830:
Interesting problems that deal with
Page 831 and 832:
A DFS on a digraph partitions the e
Page 833 and 834:
Directed Breadth-First Search As wi
Page 835 and 836:
edges (vi,vk) and (vk,vj) with dash
Page 837 and 838:
ordering such that any directed pat
Page 839 and 840:
Justification: The initial computat
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computers. In this case, it is prob
Page 843 and 844:
their distances from v. Thus, in ea
Page 845 and 846:
edge for pulling in u with a solid
Page 847 and 848:
Proposition 13.23: In Dijkstra's al
Page 849 and 850:
Referring back to Code Fragment 13.
Page 851 and 852:
The main computation of Dijkstra's
Page 853 and 854:
13.7 Minimum Spanning Trees Suppose
Page 855 and 856:
13.7.1 Kruskal's Algorithm The reas
Page 857 and 858:
Figure 13.19: An example of an exec
Page 859 and 860:
execution of Kruskal's algorithm. (
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Analyzing the Prim-Jarn ık Algorit
Page 863 and 864:
13.8 Exercises For source code and
Page 865 and 866:
LA22: (none) • LA31: LA15 • LA3
Page 867 and 868:
The graph has 10,000 vertices and 2
Page 869 and 870: 265 175 215 180 185 155 3- - - - 26
Page 871 and 872: _ _ _ _ Find which bridges to build
Page 873 and 874: determine if it is constructed corr
Page 875 and 876: An Euler tour of a directed graph t
Page 877 and 878: C-13.21 Computer networks should av
Page 879 and 880: c. Now suppose that is weighted and
Page 881 and 882: P-13.9 Design an experimental compa
Page 883 and 884: Chapter 14 Memory Contents 14.1 Mem
Page 885 and 886: Multi-way Merging..................
Page 887 and 888: Keeping Track of the Program Counte
Page 889 and 890: In Section 7.3.6 we described how t
Page 891 and 892: Memory Allocation Algorithms The Ja
Page 893 and 894: identify and mark each live object.
Page 895 and 896: Caches and Disks Specifically, the
Page 897 and 898: are addressed. Virtual memory does
Page 899 and 900: The Random strategy is one of the e
Page 901 and 902: each would require to perform the s
Page 903 and 904: describe this structure, however, l
Page 905 and 906: are too large to fit entirely into
Page 907 and 908: Reinforcement R-14.1 Describe, in d
Page 909 and 910: Describe how to use a B-tree to imp
Page 911 and 912: Appendix A Useful Mathematical Fact
Page 913 and 914: The factorial function is defined a
Page 915 and 916: for any real number 0 < a ≠ 1. Pr
Page 917 and 918: E(X + Y) = E(X) + E(Y) and E(cX) =
Page 919: Bibliography [1] G. M. Adelson-Vels
Page 923 and 924: [69] B. Liskov and J. Guttag, Abstr
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