Royal Society - David Keith

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Biomass Biome Boreal forest CBD CCN CCS CDM CDR CH 4 CFC CLRTAP CO 2 CaSiO 3 CaCO 3 Ca(OH) 2 Carbonic anhydrase Carbonate CO 3 . The total mass of living organisms in a given areas or volume; recently dead plant material is often included as dead biomass. The quantity of biomass is expressed as a dry weight or as the energy, carbon or nitrogen content. 24 Term also sometimes used to refer to any biological material that can be used either directly as a fuel or in industrial production or fibre production. Major and distinct regional element of the biosphere, typically consisting of several ecosystems (eg, forests, rivers, ponds, swamps) within a region of similar climate. Biomes are characterised by typical communities of plants and animals. 25 Forests of pine, spruce, fir and larch stretching from the east coast of Canada westward to Alaska and continuing from Siberia westward across the entire extent of Russia to the European Plain. 26 Convention on Biological Diversity. Cloud condensation nuclei. Small particles in the air become surfaces on which water vapour can condense and forms cloud droplets. Sources of cloud condensation nuclei can be both natural and human-caused. Natural sources of cloud condensation nuclei include volcanic dust, sea spray salt, and bacteria. Humans also release unnatural chemicals into the air from the burning of fossil fuels and from industrial sources. 27 Carbon capture and storage. A process consisting of the separation of carbon dioxide from industrial and energy related sources, transport to a storage location, and long-term isolation from the atmosphere. 28 (KP) Clean Development Mechanism. The CDM allows emission-reduction (or emission removal) projects in developing countries to earn certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO 2 . These CERs can be traded and sold, and used by industrialised countries to a meet a part of their emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol. 29 Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods: which reduce the levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the atmosphere, allowing outgoing long-wave (thermal infra-red) heat radiation to escape more easily. Chemical symbol for methane. Chloroflourocarbons. A group of synthetic compounds consisting of chlorine, fluorine and carbon. 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. Chemical symbol for carbon dioxide. Chemical symbol for calcium silicate. Chemical symbol for calcium carbonate (eg limestone). Chemical symbol for calcium hydroxide. Enzymes that catalyze the rapid conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and protons. Carbonation of silicates To change from a silicate (SiOx) to a carbonate (CO 3 ). Cation A positively charged ion. Consequentialist The view that whether an act is morally right is dependent on the consequences. 30 24 IPCC WG II (2007) Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. 25 IPCC WG II (2007) Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. 26 IPCC WG II (2007) Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability 27 http://weather.about.com/od/c/g/cloudnuclei.htm. 28 IPCC WG III (2007) Mitigation of Climate Change. 29 http://cdm.unfccc.int/about/index.html. 30 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/. 76 I September 2009 I Geoengineering the Climate The Royal Society
DECC Defra Deontological Detritus Downwelling ESRC EPSRC Ecosystem Electrolysis EMICS ENMOD El Nino (Southern Oscillation) Emission Scenario Eutrophication Flexible mechanisms (UNFCCC–KP) Flux Geoengineering GCMs GHGs Greenhouse gases (UK) Department of Energy and Climate Change. (UK) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. In deontological ethics an action is considered morally good because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the product of the action is good. Deontological ethics holds that at least some acts are morally obligatory regardless of their consequences for human welfare. 31 Non-living particulate organic material, typically consisting of bodies or fragments of dead organisms as well as fecal material. Part of thermohaline ocean circulation where water from the surface sinks as a result of being at a lower temperature and higher density than the water below. (UK) Economic and Social Research Council. (UK) Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. A system of living organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment. The boundaries of what could be called an ecosystem are somewhat arbitrary, depending on the focus of interest or study. Thus, the extent of an ecosystem may range from very small spatial scales to, ultimately, the entire Earth. 32 A chemical change, especially decomposition, produced in an electrolyte by an electric current. Earth system Models of Intermediate Complexity. 1977 Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques. The basin-wide warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean east of the dateline associated with a fluctuation of a global scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure pattern called the Southern Oscillation. Occurs every 2 to 7 years. The cold phase of ENSO is called La Nina. 33 A plausible and often simplified description of how the future may develop based on a coherent and internally consistent set of assumptions about driving forces and key relationships. Scenarios may be derived from projections, but are often based on additional information from other sources, sometimes combined with a narrative scenario. 34 The enrichment of water by mineral and organic nutrients (normally nitrates and phosphates) that promote a proliferation of plant life, especially algae, which reduces the dissolved oxygen content and often causes the extinction of other organisms. Countries with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions must meet their targets primarily through national measures. As an additional means of meeting these targets, the Kyoto Protocol introduced three market-based mechanisms: Emissions Trading. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint Implementation (JI). The rate of emission, absorption, transfer or deposition of a substance or energy from one reservoir to another. Often expressed as the mass or energy per unit area and per unit time (W/m 2 ). The deliberate large-scale manipulation of the planetary environment to counteract anthropogenic climate change. General-circulation models. Greenhouse gases. Atmospheric gases of natural (eg water) and anthropogenic origin (CFC’s) that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere itself and by clouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. 35 31 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158162/deontological-ethics. 32 IPCC WG I (2007) The Physical Science Basis. 33 IPCC WG I (2007) The Physical Science Basis. 34 IPCC WG I (2007) The Physical Science Basis. 35 IPCC WG I (2007) The Physical Science Basis. The Royal Society Geoengineering the Climate I September 2009 I 77
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Geoengineering the climate Science,
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Geoengineering the climate: science
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Geoengineering the climate: science
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Foreword Lord Rees of Ludlow OM Pre
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Membership of working group The mem
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Summary Background Climate change i
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climate and environmental effects a
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1 Introduction 1.1 Background Geoen
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Of this, more than 30% is reflected
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Box 1.2 Assessment of geoengineerin
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are provided for each method in Cha
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2 Carbon dioxide removal techniques
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Table 2.2. Land-use and afforestati
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Table 2.4. Biochar summary evaluati
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Table 2.5. Summary evaluation table
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the carbon, converting it back into
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It might be argued that one easy wa
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e distributed effectively to avoid
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3 Solar radiation management techni
Page 39 and 40: ightening, and the required change
Page 41 and 42: 3.3.2 Cloud-albedo enhancement It h
Page 43 and 44: eplacement vessels per year along w
Page 45 and 46: from Caldeira & Wood (2008) who hav
Page 47 and 48: These model experiments (also discu
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.6. Comparison of SRM techni
Page 51 and 52: 4 Governance 4.1 Introduction Clima
Page 53 and 54: ocean fertilisation, there may be a
Page 55 and 56: application, modification and exten
Page 57 and 58: • activities (and/or substances)
Page 59 and 60: Submission: Evans; Submission: IOP)
Page 61 and 62: 5 Discussion 5.1 Geoengineering met
Page 63 and 64: Figure 5.1. Preliminary overall eva
Page 65 and 66: egulated are needed. Public attitud
Page 67 and 68: Box 5.1 Research priorities 1. Cros
Page 69 and 70: The two major classes of geoenginee
Page 71 and 72: 6 Conclusions and recommendations D
Page 73 and 74: However SRM methods may provide a p
Page 75 and 76: 6.3 The UNFCCC should establish a w
Page 77 and 78: 7 References Aines R & Fiedmann J (
Page 79 and 80: Ding Y, Griggs DJ, Nouger M, van de
Page 81 and 82: Observations Compared to Projection
Page 83 and 84: 8 Annexes 8.1 Evaluation criteria P
Page 85 and 86: 8.3 Ethics panel The Royal Society
Page 87 and 88: Dr Dan Lunt and Professor Paul Vald
Page 89: 9 Glossary AOGCMs Acid rain Aerosol
Page 93 and 94: Peatlands Petagram Ppm Typically a
Page 95 and 96: 10 Acknowledgements We would like t
Page 97 and 98: Royal Society policy reports, state
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Royal Society - David Keith

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