Optical properties of photonic crystals - New Jersey Institute of ...

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Structure of a One Dimensional Photonic Crystal 5 1.2 Transmittance Vs Normalized Frequency for a few layers of the crystal 5 1.3 Air and Dielectric Block Band Diagrams 7 1.4 Examples of 2D Lattice types with cylinders 8 1.5 Transmission vs Normalized Frequency for a two-dimensional Lattice Perfect Structure 9 1.6 Structure of the lattice for Inverted Opal , Close Packed Opal , Woodpile System 10 2.1 Structure of the 3D photonic crystal fabricated at Sandia 16 2.2 The photonic band structure for a typical 1D photonic crystal 17 2.3 Structure of a 2D photonic crystal 22 2.4 Electric filed in a waveguide exhibiting 100% transmission 23 2.5 Resonant cavity in a Photonic Crystal 24 2.6 A perfect waveguide intersection 26 3.1 Reflection, Transmission and Absorption caused when a ray of light is incident on a crystal 28 3.2 Reflection, Transmission and Absorption caused when a ray of light is incident on a rough surface 31 3.3 Spontaneous-emission event from a filled upper level to an empty lower level 34 3.4 Right-hand side, the electromagnetic dispersion forbidden gap at the wave vector of the periodicity. Left-hand side, the electron wave dispersion typical of a directgap semiconductor 35 3.5 A photovoltaic diode 37 5.1 Schematic of bench top emissometer showing components and optical paths for radiance, reflectance, and transmittance measurements 46 xi
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 5.2 Schematic of the process flow used to produce a single level of the sample for used for measurement of experimental data 51 6.1 Block Diagram of a typical optical data link 53 6.2 Block diagram showing different blocks in an optical transmission system 54 6.3 Transmittance through a medium 55 6.4 Transmission spectrum for the 3D optical photonic crystal. The wavelength is scaled with a ratio 6.6:1(Sandia) 56 6.5 Simulated transmission spectrum for the 1D optical photonic crystal. The wavelength axis is scaled with a ratio 6.6:1(Cross section with SiO2 as the significant layer) 58 6.6 Simulated transmission spectrum for the 1D optical photonic crystal. The wavelength axis is scaled with a ratio 6.6:1(Cross section with Poly as the significant layer) 59 6.7 Simulated transmission spectra through a single layer of photonic crystal for cross-sections containing (a) SiO 2 and (b) Poly-Si as the significant layer. 59 6.8 Simulated transmission spectra through two layers of photonic crystal for cross-sections containing (a) SiO2 and (b) Poly-Si as the significant layer 60 6.9 Simulated transmission spectra through three layers of photonic crystal for cross-sections containing (a) SiO2 and (b) Poly-Si as the significant layer. 60 6.10 Transmission spectra for (a) Substrate only; (b) Si3N4, Substrate; (c) SiO2, Si3N4, Substrate (d) Transmission spectra for Si3N4, SiO2, Si3N4, Substrate 62 6.11 (a) Transmission spectra for the 3D optical photonic crystal measured experimentally at room temperature (front side) 63 6.11 (b) Transmission spectra for the 3D optical photonic crystal measured experimentally at room temperature (front side) 64 6.12 Emittance spectra of the photonic crystal at different temperatures 66 6.13 Reflectance spectra of the photonic crystal at different temperatures 67 xii
Page 1 and 2: Copyright Warning & Restrictions Th
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT BAND -GAP CHARACTERISTICS
Page 6 and 7: APPROVAL PAGE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF
Page 8 and 9: This Thesis is dedicated to my fami
Page 10 and 11: TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1 IN
Page 12 and 13: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Chapt
Page 16 and 17: LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure
Page 18 and 19: 2 The friction between the photonic
Page 20 and 21: 4 progress towards all-optical inte
Page 22 and 23: As can be seen in Figure 1.2, with
Page 24 and 25: 8 1.1.2 Two Dimensional Photonic Cr
Page 26 and 27: 10 future. They may provide a novel
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICAN
Page 30 and 31: 14 transfer and computing. Applicat
Page 32 and 33: 16 Chigrin and Lavrinenko in collab
Page 34 and 35: 18 component of the wave vector rem
Page 36 and 37: 20 2.2.1 Transfer Matrix Method The
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2-3 Structure of a 2D photon
Page 40 and 41: 24 enhancing the efficiency of lase
Page 42 and 43: 26 Figure 2-6 A perfect waveguide i
Page 44 and 45: CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICAL P
Page 46 and 47: 30 the square of its amplitude--i.e
Page 48 and 49: 32 3.2 Control of Properties of Mat
Page 50 and 51: 34 Figure 3.3 Spontaneous-emission
Page 52 and 53: 36 current it generated. But the fi
Page 54 and 55: 38 be used in a solar cell, generat
Page 56 and 57: 40 4.1.3 Spectral Range The spectra
Page 58 and 59: 42 beyond the scope of MultiRad. Th
Page 60 and 61: 44 c. It considers only Silicon as
Page 62 and 63: Figure 5.1 Schematic of bench top e
Page 64 and 65:
48 radiative properties of interest
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50 The final structure of the 3D cr
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52 The wafers are then planarized b
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54 Fig 6.2 Block diagram showing di
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56 decreases to a minimum in a cert
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58 only be carried in one dimension
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Figure 6.9 Simulated transmission t
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62 Fig 6.10 Transmission spectra fo
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64 Figure 6.11(b) Transmission spec
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66 As can be seen from the above ta
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Fig 6.14 Simulated reflectance spec
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Fig 6.16 Simulated transmittance sp
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72 7.2 Recommendations Much of the
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1.4 54.9 58.3 44.6 64.1 1.5 62.4 70
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11.2 60.3 64 53.8 48.2 11.3 59.7 62
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APPENDIX A2 RAW DATA This appendix
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APPENDIX A2 (CONTINUED) 80 0.232 5.
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APPENDIX A2 (CONTINUED) 8Z 0.221 2.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] E. Yablonovitch, "
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96 [25] G. E. Jellison, F. A. Modin
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