Optical properties of photonic crystals - New Jersey Institute of ...

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2 The friction between the photonic-band-gap and thin-film schools has appeared before. Main advantages of these structures are high conductivity, high transparency, a wide pass band, and the ability to tune the transmission window over a wide range of wavelengths. Fabrication techniques are well established and relatively cheap, and there are many potential applications, applications that could replace ITO coatings 4 in display technology, polymer lasers and polymer electro-optic modulators. Other applications include UV blocking, IR reflective windows, optical interconnects, and wide and band pass filters. The nonlinear optical properties of such materials should also prove promising. Though all this is promising, work in this field is still in the infant stages. Photonic crystals may pave the way for making cheaper, smaller, more efficient wave containers and guides than other materials known for optical communications, and may advance the day of optical computing. Since first being introduced more than 10 years ago 5, the concept of photonic bandgap has attracted increased attention in the scientific community. Over 500 research groups are involved currently in the studies of photonic band gap crystals. Light has several advantages over electrons in the quest for ever-smaller integrated circuits 6. But, all optical and optoelectronic circuits have had little impact, largely because of a lack of a multipurpose optical component analogous to the electronic transistor. Light can travel in a dielectric material at much greater speeds than an electron in a metallic wire. Light also holds the capabilities to carry a large amount of information per second. The bandwidth of dielectric materials is significantly larger than that of metals: the bandwidth of fibreoptic communication systems is typically of the order of 100 gigahertz, while that of electronic systems (such as the telephone) is only a few hundred kilohertz. Furthermore,
3 light particles (or photons) are not as strongly interacting as electrons, which helps reduce energy losses. Photonic crystals, consisting of various materials of varying dielectric properties, which are designed to affect the behavior of photons in the way that semiconductors manipulate electrons, could one day fulfil the same role as that of electrons. Photonic crystals are materials patterned with a periodicity in dielectric constant, which can create a range of 'forbidden' frequencies called a photonic bandgap 7. Photons with energies lying in the bandgap cannot propagate through the medium. This provides the opportunity to shape and mould the flow of light for photonic information technology. For the past 50 years, semiconductor technology has played a significant role in almost every aspect of our daily lives. The drive towards miniaturization and high-speed performance of integrated electronic circuits has stimulated considerable research effort around the world. Unfortunately, miniaturization results in circuits with increased resistance and higher levels of power dissipation, and higher speeds lead to a greater sensitivity to signal synchronization. In an effort to further the progress of high-density integration and system performance, scientists are now turning to light instead of electrons as the information carrier ^8. In spite of the numerous advantages of photons, all-optical circuits have yet to be commercially available on a large scale. Some hybrid optoelectronic circuits have produced significant improvement over the performance of electronic circuits, but the difficulties in designing a multipurpose optical component analogous to the electronic transistor has severely hindered the proliferation of all-optical systems. A new class of optical material structures known as photonic crystals 9 may hold the key to the continued
Page 1 and 2: Copyright Warning & Restrictions Th
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT BAND -GAP CHARACTERISTICS
Page 6 and 7: APPROVAL PAGE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF
Page 8 and 9: This Thesis is dedicated to my fami
Page 10 and 11: TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1 IN
Page 12 and 13: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Chapt
Page 14 and 15: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Str
Page 16 and 17: LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure
Page 20 and 21: 4 progress towards all-optical inte
Page 22 and 23: As can be seen in Figure 1.2, with
Page 24 and 25: 8 1.1.2 Two Dimensional Photonic Cr
Page 26 and 27: 10 future. They may provide a novel
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICAN
Page 30 and 31: 14 transfer and computing. Applicat
Page 32 and 33: 16 Chigrin and Lavrinenko in collab
Page 34 and 35: 18 component of the wave vector rem
Page 36 and 37: 20 2.2.1 Transfer Matrix Method The
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2-3 Structure of a 2D photon
Page 40 and 41: 24 enhancing the efficiency of lase
Page 42 and 43: 26 Figure 2-6 A perfect waveguide i
Page 44 and 45: CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICAL P
Page 46 and 47: 30 the square of its amplitude--i.e
Page 48 and 49: 32 3.2 Control of Properties of Mat
Page 50 and 51: 34 Figure 3.3 Spontaneous-emission
Page 52 and 53: 36 current it generated. But the fi
Page 54 and 55: 38 be used in a solar cell, generat
Page 56 and 57: 40 4.1.3 Spectral Range The spectra
Page 58 and 59: 42 beyond the scope of MultiRad. Th
Page 60 and 61: 44 c. It considers only Silicon as
Page 62 and 63: Figure 5.1 Schematic of bench top e
Page 64 and 65: 48 radiative properties of interest
Page 66 and 67: 50 The final structure of the 3D cr
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52 The wafers are then planarized b
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54 Fig 6.2 Block diagram showing di
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56 decreases to a minimum in a cert
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58 only be carried in one dimension
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Figure 6.9 Simulated transmission t
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62 Fig 6.10 Transmission spectra fo
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64 Figure 6.11(b) Transmission spec
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66 As can be seen from the above ta
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Fig 6.14 Simulated reflectance spec
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Fig 6.16 Simulated transmittance sp
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72 7.2 Recommendations Much of the
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1.4 54.9 58.3 44.6 64.1 1.5 62.4 70
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11.2 60.3 64 53.8 48.2 11.3 59.7 62
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APPENDIX A2 RAW DATA This appendix
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APPENDIX A2 (CONTINUED) 80 0.232 5.
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APPENDIX A2 (CONTINUED) 8Z 0.221 2.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] E. Yablonovitch, "
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96 [25] G. E. Jellison, F. A. Modin
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