Optical properties of photonic crystals - New Jersey Institute of ...

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34 Figure 3.3 Spontaneous-emission event from a filled upper level to an empty lower level¹º given by: The downward transition rate w between the filled and empty atomic levels is where, IV! is sometimes called the zero-point Rabi matrix element and p(E) is the density of the final states per unit energy. In spontaneous emission, the density of final states is the density of optical modes available to the photon emitted in figure 3.3. Metallic waveguides have a problem in the sense that they do not scale well into optical frequencies, as the metals become more and more lossy at these frequencies. Instead, if these materials are arrayed into a three-dimensionally periodic dielectric structure, a photonic bandgap should be possible. Its benefits are illustrated in figure 3.4.
Figure 3.4 Right-hand side, the electromagnetic dispersion forbidden gap at the wave vector of the periodicity. Left-hand side, the electron wave dispersion typical of a directgap semiconductor ¹º In the above figure 3.4, the dots represent electrons and holes. Since the photonic band gap straddles the electronic band edge, electron hole recombination into photons is inhibited. The photons have no place to go¹º. One of the most important applications of this spontaneous emission inhibition is the enhancement of photon-number-state squeezing, which plays an important role in quantum optics. The conventional method to convert optical energy into electrical signals could be described as follows. Effective photovoltaic material must absorb light to generate a mobile charge and to move that charge by means of a built-in electric potential. It was discovered in the 1830s that exposing an electrolytic cell to light increased the amount of
Page 1 and 2: Copyright Warning & Restrictions Th
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT BAND -GAP CHARACTERISTICS
Page 6 and 7: APPROVAL PAGE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF
Page 8 and 9: This Thesis is dedicated to my fami
Page 10 and 11: TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1 IN
Page 12 and 13: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Chapt
Page 14 and 15: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Str
Page 16 and 17: LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure
Page 18 and 19: 2 The friction between the photonic
Page 20 and 21: 4 progress towards all-optical inte
Page 22 and 23: As can be seen in Figure 1.2, with
Page 24 and 25: 8 1.1.2 Two Dimensional Photonic Cr
Page 26 and 27: 10 future. They may provide a novel
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICAN
Page 30 and 31: 14 transfer and computing. Applicat
Page 32 and 33: 16 Chigrin and Lavrinenko in collab
Page 34 and 35: 18 component of the wave vector rem
Page 36 and 37: 20 2.2.1 Transfer Matrix Method The
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2-3 Structure of a 2D photon
Page 40 and 41: 24 enhancing the efficiency of lase
Page 42 and 43: 26 Figure 2-6 A perfect waveguide i
Page 44 and 45: CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICAL P
Page 46 and 47: 30 the square of its amplitude--i.e
Page 48 and 49: 32 3.2 Control of Properties of Mat
Page 52 and 53: 36 current it generated. But the fi
Page 54 and 55: 38 be used in a solar cell, generat
Page 56 and 57: 40 4.1.3 Spectral Range The spectra
Page 58 and 59: 42 beyond the scope of MultiRad. Th
Page 60 and 61: 44 c. It considers only Silicon as
Page 62 and 63: Figure 5.1 Schematic of bench top e
Page 64 and 65: 48 radiative properties of interest
Page 66 and 67: 50 The final structure of the 3D cr
Page 68 and 69: 52 The wafers are then planarized b
Page 70 and 71: 54 Fig 6.2 Block diagram showing di
Page 72 and 73: 56 decreases to a minimum in a cert
Page 74 and 75: 58 only be carried in one dimension
Page 76 and 77: Figure 6.9 Simulated transmission t
Page 78 and 79: 62 Fig 6.10 Transmission spectra fo
Page 80 and 81: 64 Figure 6.11(b) Transmission spec
Page 82 and 83: 66 As can be seen from the above ta
Page 84 and 85: Fig 6.14 Simulated reflectance spec
Page 86 and 87: Fig 6.16 Simulated transmittance sp
Page 88 and 89: 72 7.2 Recommendations Much of the
Page 90 and 91: 1.4 54.9 58.3 44.6 64.1 1.5 62.4 70
Page 92 and 93: 11.2 60.3 64 53.8 48.2 11.3 59.7 62
Page 94 and 95: APPENDIX A2 RAW DATA This appendix
Page 96 and 97: APPENDIX A2 (CONTINUED) 80 0.232 5.
Page 98 and 99: APPENDIX A2 (CONTINUED) 8Z 0.221 2.
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APPENDIX A2 (CONTINUED) 84 0.200 2.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] E. Yablonovitch, "
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96 [25] G. E. Jellison, F. A. Modin
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