Growing Poplar and Willow Trees on Farms, National - FAO

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Plant nursery catalogues identify the most successful tree types now available for use in particular regions. Rust disease develops on trees during wet summers, <strong>and</strong> leaves show the characteristic rusty pustules <strong>and</strong> then drop. This foliage is unpalatable to livestock but the fallen leaves will add to the soil organic matter. If the trees are successively defoliated they will weaken, but there is no practical control of rust other than by planting the more resistant types. <strong>Poplar</strong> leaf rusts naturally mutate, <strong>and</strong> new rust strains or species may arrive in New Zeal<strong>and</strong> at any time. Hence clones that are sold as rustresistant may in the future show less resistance to mutated or new rust fungi. Rust disease on poplar leaves <strong>Willow</strong> diseases Although there are many diseases affecting willows in New Zeal<strong>and</strong>, the economic significance of disease is low. The most widespread <strong>and</strong> damaging willow pathogens are the leaf rusts caused by Melampsora coleosporioides <strong>and</strong> M. epitea. Leaf rust attacks only certain tree willows <strong>and</strong> causes premature leaf defoliation that can seriously impair growth. Salix babylonica is the most seriously affected, while S. matsudana <strong>and</strong> the S. matsudana × alba hybrids are resistant. Some shrub willows (S. cinerea, S. × caladendron <strong>and</strong> S. × reichardtii) are also attacked by rust disease. 61
4.3 Pests Possums There can be numerous possums in areas where control measures are not undertaken. They cause serious damage to native plants, birds <strong>and</strong> agriculture, including: • Eating eggs <strong>and</strong> nestlings of native birds. • Damaging native forests, pine plantations, fruit, crops <strong>and</strong> gardens. • Competing with native birds for fruit <strong>and</strong> nectar. • Eating large amounts of pasture intended for farm animals. • Spreading Tb (Bovine Tuberculosis) to cattle <strong>and</strong> deer. • Eating poplar <strong>and</strong> willow foliage. Funding is available to help l<strong>and</strong>owner groups to control possums on their properties. Under certain conditions a regional council can reduce possum numbers to less than ten percent of the numbers before treatment. The regional councils usually contract out possum control operations to meet specific control needs. Farmers should consult the local l<strong>and</strong> management officer responsible for animals. Outst<strong>and</strong>ing results have been reported from possum control operations, especially for limiting bovine Tb spread to cattle <strong>and</strong> deer. Possum control also reduces damage to native wildlife, forestry, crops <strong>and</strong> poplars <strong>and</strong> willows for soil conservation <strong>and</strong> shelter/shade. Poison safety All poisons used in bait stations are green or blue <strong>and</strong> are dangerous when eaten. For first aid be sure to read the manufacturer’s instructions on the package. Further poison information, including safety procedures, will be provided at the time of purchase. If an animal or pet has possibly been poisoned, take them to the nearest veterinary clinic. Vitamin K1 is an effective antidote for anticoagulants but may need to be administered regularly for several weeks. Possum traps <strong>and</strong> poisons are a low risk for cats <strong>and</strong> dogs if they are used correctly – but be sure to store poisons away from children <strong>and</strong> pets. <strong>Willow</strong> sawfly First discovered in 1997 in Auckl<strong>and</strong>, this pest is now spread throughout the country, except for the west coast of the South Isl<strong>and</strong>. All tree willows in New Zeal<strong>and</strong> are prone to damage by larval feeding. Larvae only mature on willows, emerging from eggs laid on the leaf upper surface. They eat a hole 62
Page 1 and 2:
Growing Po
Page 4 and 5:
CONTENTS 1 Poplars
Page 6:
Introduction Millions of poplars <s
Page 9 and 10:
was reported growing in Marlborough
Page 11 and 12: soils and desert a
Page 13 and 14: Eridano (P. deltoides × maximowicz
Page 15 and 16: ‘Crowsnest’), but are darker gr
Page 17 and 18: Available willow clones Tree willow
Page 19 and 20: managed to avoid heavy side-branchi
Page 22 and 23: 2 Establishing Poplar</stro
Page 24 and 25: The other steps to take before tree
Page 26 and 27: preventative for further slipping.
Page 28 and 29: 2.3 Planting poles Essentials of po
Page 30 and 31: Propagating on-farm material On the
Page 32 and 33: locks with newly planted poles, eve
Page 34 and 35: For converting a wet area to a brow
Page 36 and 37: systems; either as vegetation to be
Page 38 and 39: 3 Managing Poplars
Page 40 and 41: Use the right equipment Experienced
Page 42 and 43: egrowth from the trunk each year. A
Page 44 and 45: They were also stationary. Risers a
Page 46 and 47: Managing browse blocks These are hi
Page 48 and 49: At the tenth year following plantin
Page 50 and 51: limb growth, leading to breakout <s
Page 52 and 53: Herbicide use There are numerous la
Page 54 and 55: Timing Treatment earlier in the gro
Page 56 and 57: treatment so proceed cautiously <st
Page 58: What about roots thicker than 10 mm
Page 61: Create a ‘pruning nest’ A tree
Page 65 and 66: adult is reluctant to lay eggs on t
Page 67 and 68: lock without trees because a reason
Page 69 and 70: established, the annual growth of e
Page 72 and 73: 7 Further information Public librar
Page 74: Guidelines to help land</st
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Growing Poplar and Willow Trees on Farms, National - FAO

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