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ises, together with its value, that in mid-19 th century reaches the average of ca. 17. The above remarks give only a general outlook of the discussed issue, since the necessity of its more thorough consideration. In two analysed 13 th -century roof frames the attitude of carpenters towards defining the cross-sections of timbers was – as the two frames were built over two parts of the same edifice – the same. In spite of different structural types of principals/trusses the proportions of dimensions of cross-sections are identical and measure 1,25, thus approaching the upper limit of that parameter value known in the literature 3 . In both structures, there are very similar, equalling ca. 10, quotients of free length of rafters and height of cross-section, the parameter that defines slenderness of the free section of a rafter. Rafters of the 14 th -century trusses are also characterised by small variability of the discussed parameters. In majority of analysed roof-frames the quotients of free length of rafters and height of cross-section are similar and oscillate within close limits (+/- 14%) around 10, that is the same value as for the 13 th -century structures. Proportions of dimensions of rafter cross-section for those structures vary from 1,2 (which is the value lowest than defined for 13 th -century structures) to 1,3 (which is close to values for the structures of the previous century). Only one structure characterises with distinctly different features, since this indicator equals 1,6. In the same roof-frame also the other indicator differed from the values characteristic of the majority of 14 th -century structures. In 15 th century the slenderness of free sections of rafters undergo further differentiation. In king-post roof-frames, that were almost the only ones built, for rafters of full principals/trusses in lengthwise-reduced structures it oscillates within the 6,3 – 10,5 limits, while for rafters of non-full trusses 9,3 – 14,1. For unreduced roof-frames this parameter is comprised within the 7,0 – 13,2. In the only described rafter-frame of that time it equals 6,5. The cross-sections of almost all 15 th -century roof-frames are close to square. In half of the structures the parameters defining the shape of cross-section equals 1,0, which matches the square, in subsequent four of them in equals 1,2 and reaches higher values only in two cases. In 16 th -century king-post roof-frames both discussed indicators defining the rafter properties are considerably different. It is worth noticing, that in one of the analysed structures (in the non-full truss of a mixed roof-frame) the indicator defining slenderness of a free section of the rafter in the principal/truss reaches the value of 18,0, that is it rises much above the values encountered in the roof-frames built in the previous century. One can also notice a tendency towards using rectangular cross-sections, which is expressed by a respective parameter oscillating within the 1,1 – 1,3 limits. In 17 th century, when the principal/truss structures undergo much differentiation, the values of parameter defining slenderness of free sections of rafters are also comprised within broad limits. For king-post principals/trusses they oscillate within the 8,0 – 10,0 limits in free roofframes and 7,0 – 10,2 for roof-frames with closed trusses. Similar value (10,4) characterises rafters of a principal/truss in a purlin and queen-post structure. This indicator assumes higher values for rafters of non-full truss of a free king-post, lengthwise-reduced roof-frame (11,5) as well as for rafters of a rafter-and-collar roof-frame, two queen-post structures and one queenand-king-post roof-frame, for which it is close to 14. Parameter describing the shape of rafters’ cross-section is diverse, with prevailing square or off-square ones (8 from 11 structures), which is expressed by the parameter’s value h/b equaling 1,0 or 1,1. Such is the situation in rafters of all but one king-post roof-frames, in two mixed structures and one queen-post roof-frame. In the remaining three structures the cross-section of rafters is rectangular, expressed by the parameter’s value contained within the 1,25 – 1,4 limits. 3 Menzel C.A, op. cit. 36
The 18 th -century roof frames are with no exception the queen-post structures. Rafters of their principals/trusses characterize with indicators of slenderness of free sections comprised within 13,5 – 21,6 limits. In roof-frames of standing queen-posts that parameter oscillates within 13,5 – 17,0 limits, thus the average value is higher, then in 17 th -century roofframes. In structures of reclining queen-posts the free section of rafters are still more slender, which is expressed by the indicator close to 21. Rafters of all roof-frames of standing queenposts have rectangular cross-sections expressed by the h/b indicator comprised within the 1,25 – 1,3 limits. Thus they are distinctively different from rafters of roof-frames of reclining queen-posts, that have square cross-sections. Queen-post and purlin roof-frames executed in 19 th century include rafters of diverse slenderness of free sections and diverse shape of cross-section. In two structures of standing queen-posts the first of those parameters assumes values 13,0 and 18,5, that is similar to rafters of the 18 th -century roof-frames. In structures of reclining queen-posts the situation is opposite, the slenderness indicator is low, equaling 9,6, that is comparable with values common in Medieval structures. REFERENCES: 1. MENZEL C.A, Die Hölzernen Dachverbindungen in ihrem ganzen Umfange. Halle, 1842, p. 177 and further 2. ZABIERZOWSKI A., Przewodnik praktyczny dla budujących. Warszawa, 1857, p. 269 and further. 3. GOGOLIN M. R.: Więźby dachowe kościołów pomorskich od XIII do połowy XIX wieku. Bydgoszcz, 2008 Streszczenie: Smukłość swobodnych odcinków krokwi i kształt jej przekroju poprzecznego jako cechy charakteryzujące konstrukcje historycznych więźb dachowych. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań nad wybranymi parametrami, charakteryzującymi konstrukcje więźb dachowych powstałych w okresie XIII – XIX w. Wzięto pod uwagę takie wskaźniki, jak smukłość najdłuższych odcinków swobodnych krokwi oraz proporcje wymiarowe ich przekroju poprzecznego i skonfrontowano je z zaleceniami zamieszczanymi w dawnych podręcznikach budowlanych. Uznano, że analiza tych parametrów pozwoli na zdefiniowanie charakterystycznych cech warsztatu wykonawczego cieśli w rozpatrywanym okresie. Corresponding author: Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, Instytut Techniki, Katedra Konstrukcji Drewnianych; ul. Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz e-mail: argus@ukw.edu.pl 37
Page 1 and 2: Annals Warsaw University of Life Sc
Page 3 and 4: ZIELIŃSKA-SZWAJKA JOANNA, GÓRSKI
Page 5: Board of reviewers: Bogusław Bajko
Page 8 and 9: analysis done on its base are one o
Page 10 and 11: On the base of the analysis, we sug
Page 12 and 13: Annals of Warsaw University of Life
Page 14 and 15: and analyzed on the level of tax ad
Page 16 and 17: REFERENCES: 1. Daňové trestné č
Page 18 and 19: description, selection and systemat
Page 20 and 21: Tab. 4 Regional foreign direct inve
Page 24 and 25: Опытные образцы пр
Page 26 and 27: EXPERIMENTAL PART The experimental
Page 28 and 29: 6. HENDARTO, B., SHAYAN, E., OZARSK
Page 30 and 31: Fiber direction - longitudinal Ra b
Page 32 and 33: Thickness of the paint coating film
Page 40 and 41: Similar experiments were carried by
Page 42 and 43: CONCLUSION Based on the evaluation
Page 46 and 47: We can say that HC included in adhe
Page 48 and 49: 4. PARK, B.D., LEE, S.M., ROH J.K.
Page 50 and 51: plywood pressing). Spectra of liqui
Page 52 and 53: confirmed by the fact that the peak
Page 56 and 57: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The obtained
Page 58 and 59: Streszczenie: Emisja VOC z filmów
Page 60 and 61: particleboards of 18 mm thickness l
Page 62 and 63: laminated particleboards released f
Page 66 and 67: of a rubber granulate mat, adhered
Page 68 and 69: Type of tests point I III III I III
Page 72 and 73: Parameter, unit Application method
Page 74 and 75: 3.2 Graph 3. Shear strength of glue
Page 76 and 77: property that is not directly inclu
Page 80 and 81: Die Idee, alte Papiere umzuarbeiten
Page 84 and 85: Table 1. Results of hardness tests
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cause faster and less even wear of
Page 88 and 89:
Annals of Warsaw University of Life
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CH 2 OH CH CH 2 CH 2 OH CH CH 2 CH
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supply increment of the ,,j” prod
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Basierend auf der Umfrage ergaben s
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Bild 7. Standzeitdiagram - Vorschub
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ANWENDUNGEN Die Ergebnisse dieser S
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Verhältnis der maximale Durchmesse
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Basierend auf der Umfrage, für die
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drills are described in the work of
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Calculation of the thrust force and
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CONCLUSION The idea of considering
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Fig. 4. Relationship between cuttin
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life observed for MDF is longer tha
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Table 1. Types and characteristics
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Investigations were
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That is why a proper treatment seem
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CONCLUSIONS 1. Treatment of oil pal
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максимальной степе
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REFERENCES: 1. Шубин Г.С. Ф
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MATERIAL AND METHODS Used method We
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TVOC emitted by various kind of woo
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tensile force the dynamics of these
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Streszczenie: Gęstość drewna wia
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it was attempted in this study to a
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Cameron and Dunham [1999], when com
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unstable joints made of metal were
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Photo 8. View of an incorrect joint
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called CORDA, while the lowest cont
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willow clone, whereas the clone des
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Fig.2. Modulus of rupture of partic
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a) P, % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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the connection, and too little surf
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■ Multidimentional air stream wit
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Fig. 2. Proportion of elements in l
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2. The highest efficiencies were fo
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Characteristic values of annual inc
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CONCLUSIONS The following conclusio
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that of particleboards with the cor
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Streszczenie: Właściwości eksper
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across the fibres on two counterpar
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CONCLUSION Obtained results allow t
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chamber PW 10 from firm HAMECH in H
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Fig.4. RMS of F w during milling of
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Fig.4. Influence of modification on
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Fig. 2. Changes in breaking length
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Fig.5. Changes in tear strength of
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e) f) Fig. 1 Thickness changes of v
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REFERENCES 1. KAFKA, E. a kol., 198
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produce underground rhizomes and it
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It results from a comparison of the
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Alternatywne źródła energii. Dob
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качества при длите
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3 Ширина годичного
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Table 2. Basic parameters of applic
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Table 5. Test results (average valu
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a) 6 weeks 12 weeks b) 3 months 7 m
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- PN ISO 7724−2:2003 Farby i laki
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