Sample Chapter - United Nations University

Asia and regional integration theory 13
but alludes to (or at least includes) the state in which the prevailing practice
is to refrain from the use of force in disputes (Pouliot, 2010).
From this it can be seen that there are several different patterns of regional
security. Buzan and Wæver (2003) postulate that regional security
systems depend on the distribution of power among the nations in a region,
as well as relations with other regions around the globe, and fall
into three patterns: (1) regional conflict formation (ally/‌adversary relationships);
(2) security regimes; and (3) security communities. The first is
what they call a standard regional security complex, in which anarchy or
a balance of power is dominant. In the second, a security regime is created
at the regional level and in the third a security community is created
where there is no possibility of the use of force. 15 Of course, even in the
security sector, integration (delegation of national authority to a supranational
organization) is not inconceivable. 16 If such integration were to
develop into the sole military institution in that region, that region would
be, in a Weberian sense, a sovereign state.
As with other sectors, there can be a difference between substantive
integration (peace between countries) and formal integration (security
regimes) in the security sector. For example, using the Deutschian model,
societal integration leads to the formation of pluralistic security communities
without necessarily requiring security regimes between the nations
in the region. Conversely, even if a given region has a security regime in
place, behind it there could be conflict or a balance of power (a standard
regional security complex as described by Buzan and Wæver (2003)).
3 Patterns of regional governance: Political integration/
governance
In the context of integration theory, there are several different perspectives
on political integration and governance (D in Figure 1.3). One involves
political unification, in which the ultimate result of integration is
that a region becomes a sovereign state (for example, federalism). 17 This
of course could follow the pattern illustrated in Figure 1.3, in which economic
integration (A) is accompanied by the integration of societal
values and the formation of a supranational regional identity (B), the
creation of a pluralistic security community (C) and finally the formulation
of a constitution and the formation of an entity with a unified government
with military and diplomatic arms. 18
Another perspective is that instead of moving towards the formation
of a single sovereign state in a given region, integration is manifested as a
variety of international organizations (shared sovereignty) and/or international
regimes in different sectors. Instead of the region becoming a