Critical Thinking Skills - Developing Effective Analysis and Argument(2)

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I Answers to Practice 4: Finding flaws in the argument References [compare with p. ~ 3 3 1 ~ ~ Primary sources Anon (1802) Szich is Buonaparte, ~0ndon.c~) Kaspar ~avater(~) Essays on Physiognomy, Translated by Rev. C. Moore and illustrated after Lavater by Barlow, London, 1797. Pratt, Pratt's Address to His Countrymen or tize T~ue Bom Englishman's Castle. London. Bishop of Llandaff (d and e, Mary Wollstonecraft (1792) Vindicatiorz of tlze Rights of Women. Middlesex.@ and 0 White, C. An Accolint of the Infinite Gradations in Man (Read to the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester at Different Meetings) 177gv(a, c and e) Secondary sources adi is on.(^, and f, (1967) 'The end of the Chain of Being: the impact of Descartian. Jolirnal of Medieval and Enlightenment Shdies, 66; 7." Barking, J. K. (1957) Changes in Conceptions of the Universe. Cotteridge: Poltergeist Press* Linda Colley (2003) Captives.@, and e, Holmes, Geoffrey. (1977) 'Gregory King and the social structure of pre-industrial England' Transactions of the Royal History Society, 27 (a and c) Pendleton (d and E. P. Thompson The Making of tize English Working Class (1963) Middlesex: Penguin (a and c) I provide evidence that those who did use the concept of natural order in one aspect of their life, then acted in a contrary way in other aspects: that is, that the notion was not core to their belief system to such an extent that it ruled their behav~our 11 The conclusion does not meet sufficient conditions as the evidence provided does not adequately support it. 22 Compare the details of these references with those for Practice 3. Note: (a) The order of items within each reference is not consistent from one reference to another, such as the order of the date, and whether initials or names are used. (b) Not all the references used in the text are detailed in this list of references. (c) Some items in the reference list do not appear in the text so should not appear here. It is possible that the author has used this source but not referenced it properly in the text. (d) The information about the author is incomplete for some references so the reader cannot look these up. (e) Some titles are not written in full (see list of references from Practice 3). (f) Items are not in alphabetical order. * These two sources are hypothetical and provided for the purpose of the practice activity; the other sources are genuine. 44 Critical Thinking Skills O Stella Cottrell (2005), Criticnl Thinking Skills, Palgrave Macmillan Ltd
Appendix Selected search engines and databases for on-line literature searches http://articles.findarticles.com Looksmart's 'findarticles' service finds articles for 500 journals, most of which you can read and print. Biolinks - www.bi01inks.com search engine that links to science-related journal and magazine articles. Cinahl- www.cinahl.com nursing and health care database. EMBASE - www.embase.com biomedical and pharmaceutical database. Ingenta - www.ingenta.com this finds abstracts for articles for over 27,000 journals and other publications. From university sites, you can also read some of these articles if the university has subscribed to them. Magazines - www.magportal.com this lets you read magazine articles on-line. PubMed - www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query. fcgidb=PubMed large biomedical and life sciences database www. pro-researcher.co.uk encyclopaedic lists of reference tables, books, magazines, international newspapers, libraries, subject disciplines. PsycInfo - www.apa.org/psycinfo database of psychological articles dating back to 1800s (requires subscription). Search 4 Science - www.search4science.com search engine that explains approximately 200,000 scientific words and phrases. SOSIG - www.sosig.ac.uk resources on a wide range of social sciences, including sociology, politics and geography. World Wide Art Resources - http://wwar.com resources on art news, art history and contemporary artists. Appendix 245
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Critical Thinking Skills Developing
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Contents Introduction Glossary Ackn
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10 Critical, analytical writing: Cr
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people are referring to when they m
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'false premises'. Finally, it exami
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predicated on a Marxist interpretat
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Chapter 1 What is critical thinking
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Reasoning Knowing our own reasons C
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Underlying skills and attitudes Cri
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Personal strategies for critical th
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The idea or the action, not the per
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Barriers to critical thinking (2) L
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Critical thinking: Knowledge, skill
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ther D low esser - - See PL--*--- k
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Chapter 2 How well do you think Dev
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Activity: Argument and disagreement
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Non-arguments: Explanations and sum
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There were many reasons why the stu
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Activity: Selecting out the argumen
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This chapter has looked at ways of
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Chapter 5 How well do they say it C
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Internal consistency larity and int
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Logical consistency clear and consi
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lndependent reasons and joint reaso
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Intermediate conclusions In I anger
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-- Activity: Intermediate conclusio
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Activity: Summative and logical con
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Activity: Logical order L 8,"L I ne
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Answers to activities in Chapter 5
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- Answers to activities in Chapter
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Chapter 6 Reading between the lines
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Activity: Identify the underlying a
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Implicit assumptions used as reason
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False premises Predicating an argum
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Implicit arguments ~plicit and impl
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Denoted and connoted meanings (I) A
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- - Activities: Associations and st
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This chapter looked at some aspects
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Chapter 7 Does it add up Identifyin
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Correlations and false correlations
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Not meeting the necessary condition
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Activity: Necessary and sufficient
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Activity: False analogies Activity
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Other types of flawed argument Ther
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Emotive language; Attacking the per
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1 Misrepresentation and trivialisat
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This chapter introduces many of the
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Chapter 8 Where's the proof Finding
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Searching for evidence Critical thi
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Reputable sources For academic stud
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Currency and reliability Currency I
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Relevant and irrelevant evidence Re
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- Representative samples 1 I Most r
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Certainty and probability Certainty
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Generalisations are useful as they
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Facts and opinions Opinion An opini
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- Triangulation What is triangulati
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This chapter has looked at some key
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Chapter 9 Critical reading and note
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Identifying the theoretical perspec
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Categorising and selecting Critical
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Making notes to support critical re
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Concise critical notes: Analysing a
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Concise critical notes: Articles an
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Activity: critical selection - Note
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Commentary on critical selection ac
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I Note your source of information (
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Chapter 10 Critical, analytical wri
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Characteristics of critical, analyt
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I Activity: Setting the scene for t
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Words used to introduce the line of
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Signposting alternative points of v
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Words used to signpost conclusions
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Activity: Writing conclusions N Act
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Checklist for Essay 1 Use this chec
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Evaluate Essay 1 (continued) known
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Commentary for Essay 1 The numbers
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---- --A - Checklist for evaluating
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Evaluate Essay 2 (continued) or pro
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Commentary on Essay 2 The numbers o
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Evaluating your writing for critica
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Page 188 and 189: T -- ------ Practice 1: Features of
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Page 206 and 207: Practice 3: Features of an araument
Page 230 and 231: Bibliography Arnheim, R. (1954, 197
Page 232 and 233: abstracts, using, 128 academic writ
Page 234: eading and accurate interpretation,
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